The first portion of Day 2 was the remainder of the recorded LAPD interview introduced on Day 1. FULL 1997 Duane “Keffe D” Davis LAPD Interview | Tupac Shakur Murder Trial Petersen Parking Structure / Potential Witnesses Detectives return to who Davis saw around the parking structure when people began running back after Wallace was shot. Davis identifies: Keyshawn Johnson, the football player Ricky Bell, the singer Davis says they were waiting in the same general area for their vehicles rather than coming from the shooting location. He says photographs from the party should show him there wearing a blue outfit. Detectives ask whether Davis saw anyone who appeared to be dressed like a stereotypical gang member; he says he did not. Davis again describes seeing people rush toward the parking structure after the shooting and says he learned Wallace had been shot from the crowd. Timeline Leaving the Party Davis again works through the route out of the Petersen area. He says police were directing vehicles out of the parking structure. He describes traveling east on Wilshire, turning onto La Brea and taking the 10 freeway. He says the group went to Jerry’s Deli before returning toward Compton. Investigators try to reconstruct the time he left the party, arrived at the deli and ultimately returned home. Davis estimates he reached home around 2:30 a.m., although the times are worked through approximately rather than from a contemporaneous record. People Davis Spoke With Detectives ask who Davis spoke with between leaving the party and returning home. Davis identifies Wonder Mike, Wendell Prince and Paula. He says Paula’s mother opened the door when he returned. Investigators continue asking whether there was anyone else who could help confirm his movements. Davis mentions seeing another acquaintance who said he was heading to another party but says he did not know where that party was. Gina Davis/Police Contacts Davis’s attorney raises concerns about police attempting to contact Gina Davis, identified in the recording as Davis’s sister-in-law. The attorney says Gina wanted law enforcement to contact her through him rather than appearing at her home. Davis discusses prior contact with a Detective Cooper and continued frustration over police attention involving his family. The attorney reiterates that Davis did not see the Wallace shooting and came in voluntarily to explain his own whereabouts. Diagram/Parking Area Detectives use a diagram to have Davis describe the Petersen Automotive Museum, parking structure and Fairfax. Davis identifies where he entered, where valet parking was located, where he was standing and where Wallace’s group was positioned before leaving. Davis says he remained waiting for his vehicle and saw people begin running back toward the parking area approximately five to ten minutes after Wallace’s group left. He again says he did not hear the shots. He describes the officer directing approximately dozens of vehicles out of the structure. Police Arrival/Closing Davis estimates that uniformed officers arrived within minutes of the crowd rushing back. He comments that he found it unusual that cars were being allowed to leave rather than everyone being detained and interviewed. Davis’s attorney says that when police first expressed interest in talking with Davis, his initial advice had been: “Don’t talk to the police.” The attorney says Davis nevertheless insisted on speaking with them voluntarily. Sean Combs/Diddy Claims Near the end of the interview, Davis mentions an interaction involving Sean Combs. Davis says Combs told him: “The FBI is all over me, man.” The questioning develops that this conversation occurred before Davis went into the party. Davis says “Little C” was associated with getting him the invitation to the event. He says he had known Combs and Little C for approximately a year or somewhat longer. This portion does not include the later murder-for-hire allegations Davis would make in subsequent interviews. End of 1997 Interview Detectives thank Davis for his time. Miller indicates he may want to speak with Davis again. Davis says he has no problem with that. The recording concludes shortly afterward.

Role: Kern was an LVMPD crime scene analyst in his first year on the job in 1996. He attended Shakur’s autopsy with crime scene analyst David LeMaster and authenticated the photographs and evidence collected there. Full Testimony: Tupac Shakur Autopsy Evidence | Thomas Kern & Dr. Lisa Gavin Testimony | Keffe D Trial Direct Examination Autopsy/Evidence Collection Kern currently works as a lead fingerprint examiner for Customs and Border Protection at its Chicago laboratory. In September 1996, he had just begun working for LVMPD as a crime scene analyst. Crime scene analysts responded to scenes to photograph, document and recover physical evidence. They also attended autopsies to document the body and collect evidence recovered by the forensic pathologist. Kern attended Shakur’s autopsy with David LeMaster, who was training him at the time. State 44–56 - Autopsy Photographs State 44–54 included photographs of Shakur’s body bag, body, identifying tattoos and injuries. Most were not shown on the media feed. State 55–56 showed two sides/views of a projectile recovered from Shakur’s body during the autopsy (These photographs were later used extensively during Dr. Gavin’s testimony to explain the wound locations and paths.) State 128 - Autopsy Evidence Package Kern identified State 128 as an impound/evidence package completed by LeMaster during Shakur’s autopsy. He recognized LeMaster’s personnel number and identifying marks. Kern explained that collected evidence is sealed and the seal is intended to remain intact so later handlers can tell whether the package has been opened. The original seal on State 128 remained intact. Asked whether it appeared anyone had opened it since LeMaster impounded it approximately 30 years earlier, Kern agreed that it had not. Cross Examination None. Exhibits State 44–54 — Body bag/body, tattoos and injury photographs State 55–56 — Two photographs/views of projectile recovered during autopsy State 128 — Autopsy evidence package / LeMaster impound State 44–56 and 128 admitted. After Kern's testimony, Suge Knight's hospital record was admitted by stipulation. The defense declined cross-examination and no jurors submitted questions. Jury Questions: 0

Role: Gavin did not perform Shakur’s 1996 autopsy. She reviewed the surviving autopsy, medical and investigative records and photographs, and formed her own opinions concerning Shakur’s injuries, cause of death and manner of death. Full Testimony: Tupac Shakur Autopsy Evidence | Thomas Kern & Dr. Lisa Gavin Testimony | Keffe D Trial Direct Examination Review of 1996 Autopsy Gavin is a Clark County forensic pathologist / medical examiner and is board certified in anatomic and forensic pathology. She had been practicing forensic pathology for nearly 17 years at the time of trial. Gavin was in medical school in 1996 and was not present at Shakur’s autopsy. The original examiner was Dr. Jordan, who has since died. Gavin explained that medical examiners routinely review cases originally handled by retired, deceased or unavailable pathologists. Her review included: Dr. Jordan’s autopsy report; coroner investigation materials; medical records; autopsy photographs; crime scene analyst photographs; toxicology; related records. Identification/Medical Intervention State 44 showed the sealed body bag and identifying information. The records identified the decedent as Lesane Crooks, aka Tupac Shakur, with a September 13, 1996 date of death. Gavin explained that many of the visible changes to Shakur’s body reflected the extensive medical treatment he received during the six days he survived after the shooting. She specifically explained the significant swelling/bloating visible in the photographs as fluid moving into body tissues during prolonged intensive medical treatment/life support. Chest Gunshot Wound Gavin identified an entrance gunshot wound on the right side of the chest, just below the armpit. The projectile traveled: through the right side of the chest; through the right lung; toward the center/upper chest; and came to rest near the sternal notch, where it was recovered during the autopsy. Gavin said the lung was both collapsed and bleeding. Medical records documented approximately two liters of blood in the chest cavity. Shakur’s right lung was ultimately removed in an effort to control the bleeding and save his life. Gavin described periods where Shakur became unresponsive and said the injury interfered with his ability to breathe while he was also losing blood. Right Thigh/Abdominal Gunshot Gavin identified another entrance gunshot wound on the outer/lateral right thigh. The projectile traveled upward into the abdomen. It damaged the intestines. Surgeons removed a portion of the intestines. Another projectile was recovered during that surgery. Right Flank Wound Gavin identified a separate injury on the right flank. This wound did not penetrate deeply into the body. She described it as a deeper abrasion and said it could have resulted from a projectile that first struck another object, lost momentum and then struck Shakur. Right Hand/Ring Finger Gavin identified a gunshot entrance wound on the back of Shakur’s right hand in the ring-finger area. The projectile passed through the hand/finger. It fractured the bone. State 54 showed the exit aspect of that wound on the underside/webbing of the hand. Prior Injuries Gavin said scars elsewhere on Shakur’s body were suggestive of earlier gunshot injuries. Those were separate from the injuries causing his death. Recovered Projectiles One projectile had been recovered during surgery. Another was recovered during the autopsy from near the sternal notch. State 55–56 showed multiple views of the same projectile recovered during the autopsy. Cause and Manner of Death After reviewing the surviving records, Gavin testified: Cause of death: “Gunshot wounds of chest and abdomen.” Manner of death: “Homicide.” Asked what “homicide” means in the medical-examiner context, Gavin explained: “The simplest form is death at the hands of another.” I would keep that explanation because it prevents “manner: homicide” from being read as Gavin giving an opinion on the defendant’s criminal responsibility. Cross Examination Gavin’s opinions relied on records and photographs created approximately 30 years earlier. She agreed that recordkeeping is important because another forensic pathologist may later need to review the case. Gavin said the original autopsy itself had relatively few photographs because film/Polaroid photography was used at the time. She said the crime scene analyst photographs were therefore helpful in addition to Dr. Jordan’s reports. Gavin found nothing in the records indicating that Dr. Jordan’s work or recordkeeping should have been done differently. She distinguished her review from evaluating the medical treatment Shakur received while alive; she is a forensic pathologist reviewing a person after death. Gavin could not independently describe every exact procedure Dr. Jordan performed without surviving documentation. She said she needed records and/or photographs to form her opinions. Redirect / Recross State clarified that Gavin was not simply repeating Dr. Jordan’s cause-and-manner opinion; Gavin said she had formulated her own opinions. Defense clarified that she nevertheless relied on Dr. Jordan’s documentation as well as the medical records and photographs. Gavin agreed. Jury Questions Q: “Were there any wounds to the head that you or Dr. Jordan observed or noted?” Gavin: “No, there were not.” Q: “Were all the bullets found of the same caliber?” Gavin: “Uh, I don't know what the caliber of the other bullet was, the one recovered at surgery.” State Follow-up Q: “Do you even know what the caliber of the bullet was that was recovered at autopsy?” Gavin: “Uh, no. I don't know this caliber.” Gavin confirmed caliber determination was outside her area of expertise. Defense Follow-up Defense asked whether Gavin knew if an LVMPD officer or expert later examined the recovered projectile/fragments. Gavin: “No, I don't know.” She clarified: “I don't know whether or not somebody did that.” Exhibits Used Autopsy photographs Projectile photographs/evidence State Exhibit 59 - Suge Knight medical records, introduced immediately after Gavin by stipulation. Jury Questions: 2

Role: MGM Resorts investigator called to authenticate and explain surveillance video and the MGM layout. Full Testimony: MGM Surveillance + Officer Who Contacted Orlando Anderson | Keffe D Trial FULL Testimony Direct Examination Ingram explained that MGM's 1996 surveillance system recorded to VHS. Tapes were reused, and image quality could deteriorate with repeated use. He authenticated MGM surveillance from the night of the Tyson fight. A map was used to orient jurors to locations including: elevator core, food-court promenade, casino floor, North Key checkpoint, Coyote Cafe, and exits. The footage followed a man wearing a Miami Dolphins Dan Marino No. 13 jersey. Jurors watched the movement through the casino and the assault in the elevator-core area. Ingram explained that some cameras scanned automatically while others could be moved or focused by surveillance personnel. Cross Examination Ingram was not the person who originally collected the 1996 video. His authentication was based on his knowledge of MGM, the video and the property layout. He could not independently establish every historical time/date detail beyond what was preserved on the recording. The defense explored camera blind spots, what parts of the property were or were not preserved and how much video police would typically request after an incident. MGM Security Report The defense established that MGM had a written security report from the night of the assault. Ingram did not write the report and did not know its author personally. The report described the man in the sports jersey forcing past or through a security area, being stopped/questioned near Coyote Cafe/North Key, repeatedly looking back, and then a larger group forcing through the checkpoint before the man ran toward the elevator core and was attacked. The report contained observations that were not visible in the surveillance footage. The court allowed it for that limited purpose after argument over hearsay. Defense Exhibit B was used for the report. Page 1 was clearly accepted; the status of a second page was still being discussed in the transcript. Jury Question The juror asked where the MGM security officer/report writer was positioned when observing the person in the jersey near Coyote Cafe. Ingram used the map to place the initial security contact near the Coyote Cafe / checkpoint area. The court did not ask a second part of the written question that would have required Ingram to explain why the original officer made a particular decision he could not know. Attorney Follow-Up The defense emphasized that Ingram did not recognize the report author and had no personal knowledge about that person's current availability or training. Exhibits Used State Exhibit 115 — MGM surveillance video State Exhibit 144 — MGM property/map exhibit Defense Exhibit B — MGM security report Jury Questions: 1

Role: Uniformed officer working the MGM response after the assault on Orlando Anderson. Full Testimony: MGM Surveillance + Officer Who Contacted Orlando Anderson | Keffe D Trial FULL Testimony Direct Examination Rios was on duty at the MGM after the Tyson fight. He contacted Anderson, who was wearing the No. 13 jersey seen in the video. Anderson said he had been attacked/jumped by people he did not know. Anderson did not want medical treatment. He did not want to make a police report or pursue prosecution. Rios remained with Anderson while other officers were alerted about the people who had left the area. Jury Question Q: After an assault like that, was it customary for officers not to follow the people who committed the assault and instead stay with the person believed to be the victim? Rios answered that his role at that point was to remain with the victim because other officers had already been notified by radio. MGM security and officers elsewhere on the property could respond to the people who had left. No attorney follow-up. Jury Questions: 1

Role: Maxim Hotel and Casino security employee positioned in the parking structure near Flamingo and Koval when the shooting occurred. Full Testimony: William Heidmeyer FULL Testimony | Security at Maxim Hotel | Keffe D Trial Direct Examination Heidmeyer was working at the Maxim, near the northwest corner of Flamingo and Koval. He was on a third-floor parking-garage ramp on the southeast side of the property with two Metro officers and another security officer. They were dealing with an unrelated problem involving several stolen Dodge Caravans. Shortly before or around 11:17 p.m., Heidmeyer heard gunfire. He described three separate volleys. He estimated roughly three to five shots per volley, or approximately nine to fifteen shots total. He then observed a procession of vehicles moving through the area. Vehicles he recalled included: a white Dodge Stratus near the front, the black BMW, other dark-colored vehicles, a white Chevrolet Suburban, and additional vehicles; he estimated the procession may have been around 10 cars but did not count them. He saw several people outside vehicles. He saw a young Black man, well dressed in a white three-quarter-sleeve shirt, black pants and a black dress vest, holding a semiautomatic pistol down at his side. He did not see the man point or fire the weapon. Heidmeyer's thought that the man might be involved was an immediate inference based on seeing a gun after hearing the shooting, not an eyewitness identification of the shooter. He saw vehicles make a U-turn and head west. Metro officers at the structure responded/pursued. Cross Examination Cross focused on what Heidmeyer could and could not actually see from the parking structure and the fact that he never saw the armed man fire. Jury Questions: 0

Role: Former LVMPD officer and detective who responded during the investigation of Shakur’s shooting. O’Kelley testified about the shooting-scene evidence, evidence handling, LVMPD reporting practices and the evolving radio descriptions of the suspected Cadillac. He was working as a deputy marshal at the time of trial. Full Testimony: Dean O’Kelley FULL Testimony | Shooting Scene Evidence + 7 Cartridge Cases | Keffe D Trial Direct Examination O’Kelley described LVMPD’s response after the shooting and how information from radio traffic and officers was documented. He explained the high-priority response following the shots-fired call and testified about evidence documented in the roadway at the shooting scene. Shooting-Scene Evidence Crime-scene personnel used cones to mark and protect evidence in the roadway. Seven spent .40 S&W Winchester cartridge cases were recovered. A separate bullet/projectile fragment was located beneath another cone. Crime-scene analyst Dan Ford photographed and collected the evidence. O’Kelley identified the evidence packaging and the seven individual cartridge-case items. The evidence had been submitted for forensic/fingerprint processing, but the testing discussed during O’Kelley’s testimony did not produce a usable fingerprint identification linking a person to the recovered cartridge cases. Evolving Cadillac Information O’Kelley also testified about suspect-vehicle information being relayed during the initial police response. The earlier information described: a light-colored Cadillac two Black male occupants traveling northbound on Audrey, now Linq Lane A later update described: a white Cadillac possibly four Black male occupants traveling southbound on Koval These were radio and investigative descriptions being communicated to officers. O’Kelley was not testifying as an eyewitness to the Cadillac. Cross-Examination Defense questioned O’Kelley about LVMPD’s historical reporting and documentation practices. Cross included: the distinction between a case-management entry/form and an officer report when reports were prepared and the significance of delayed reporting what information was preserved in the original case record O’Kelley’s later involvement with the case as a cold-case investigator the different authority and responsibilities of sworn detectives and civilian investigators Defense also explored the early investigative information surrounding the suspect vehicle and the limitations of reconstructing that information years later from the surviving records. Jury Questions Jury Questions: 1 A juror noticed that the crime-scene photographs showed eight evidence cones even though seven cartridge cases had been discussed. The raw transcript renders the question: JURY:“There are eight cones but only seven glass bottles and evidence. Was there another bullet not accounted for in the envelopes or are there only seven cases located that or were there only seven cases located on scene?” “Glass bottles” appears to be a transcription error for the evidence containers. O’KELLEY:“Good question. So that the cone that was closest in the picture ... if you remember I said that was a bullet fragment.” O’Kelley clarified that one cone marked the separate bullet/projectile fragment. The other seven relevant cones corresponded to the seven spent cartridge cases. State Follow-Up The State followed up on the distinction between the cartridge cases and projectile evidence. O’Kelley identified the packaging and markings associated with the projectile/bullet fragments collected by Dan Ford. State 130, the projectile/bullet-fragment evidence, was admitted during the follow-up.

Role: Compton/Death Row associate who helped with informal security around Club 662; separate from Reggie Wright Jr.'s professional security operation. Mob James/James McDonald Full Testimony in Tupac Murder Trial Direct Examination McDonald made clear he was appearing because of a court order/subpoena and was not eager to testify. He discussed Club 662 and the meaning of "662" as MOB on a phone keypad. He described a neighborhood/homeboy group that helped around the club. He distinguished his group from Reggie Wright Jr.'s formal security company: they were "two different entities." McDonald estimated there could be roughly 30–40 homeboys working or around the club. Their arrangements were informal and could involve cash from Suge Knight rather than Wright's payroll system. McDonald said his group had guns. He was not at the actual shooting. The early information reaching the club was that Shakur was talking and might be okay. McDonald offered his opinion that Death Row had no business reason to kill Shakur because Shakur was highly valuable to the label. That was McDonald's opinion. Jury Question Q: Did Reggie Wright Jr. instruct security not to have firearms on the night of the fight? McDonald said he did not know what Wright told Wright's own police/security personnel. He emphasized again that Wright was not giving that instruction to McDonald's separate group because "we had ours." Defense Follow-Up The defense asked directly whether McDonald's group had guns that night. McDonald: Yes. Jury Questions: 1 Watch Mob James/James McDonald's Full Testimony

Role: FBI agent who investigated Davis in a federal drug case and participated in Davis's July 14, 1998 proffer. Wade Lee (FBI Special Agent) - Full Testimony | Tupac Murder Trial | NV v. Duane Davis Background / Safe Streets Lee served roughly 25 years with the FBI. He worked Project Safe Streets in the Los Angeles area, focusing on gangs, violent crime and narcotics. His squad concentrated on Watts / South Central; another squad handled Compton. His partner was Todd Holiday. Agencies participating in the broader Safe Streets effort included federal and local law-enforcement partners. Lee discussed the Grape Street Crips and the Jordan Downs housing projects as a major focus of his work. Davis came into the investigation through associates including Rodney "Speedy" Blackman. The federal case against Davis was developed in part through court-authorized wiretaps. Davis ultimately faced federal cocaine-trafficking charges and pleaded guilty. July 14, 1998 Proffer The interview took place July 14, 1998. Lee's FD-302 memorializing it is dated July 16, 1998. Participants included: Wade Lee, Todd Holiday, Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael Terrell, Davis, and Davis's attorney, Edy Fall. The interview was not audio recorded. Lee explained the proffer as a cooperation setting in which Davis was expected to be truthful and hoped to receive consideration in his federal case. Lee documented the interview in an FBI FD-302. What Lee Said Davis Discussed in the 1998 Proffer The following material is Lee's testimony about what Davis said in 1998, not independent proof of the underlying claims. Eric "Zip" Martin / Drug Associates Davis described Zip as a New York associate involved in pimping, marijuana and PCP. Davis said Patrick Bernard had been involved in a PCP transaction with Zip. Davis said he met Zip through a man called "Fats" at a baseball game around 1993–94. Davis discussed other large-scale drug figures and transactions, including Wayne Day, "Fats," "Primo" and others. Lee's testimony included claims by Davis about very large quantities of cocaine; cross-examination later focused on whether those particular numbers had been independently verified. Death Row / Compton According to Lee, Davis discussed: Harry-O as a source of startup money for Death Row. Patrick Johnson and an approximately $80,000 contribution. Davis's own role in delivering some money. Suge Knight, Mob Piru and drug/gang relationships in Compton. Reggie Wright Jr. and Reggie Wright Sr. Allegations of corruption involving Compton police personnel, including Sgt. Reynolds and Lt. Reggie Wright Sr. Rightway security and Compton officers working Death Row events. An auto-body shop called Untouchables and people Davis associated with drug distribution and Death Row. Lakewood Mall Lee's 302 recorded Davis describing an incident weeks before the Shakur shooting involving a South Side Crip named Marcus being attacked at a mall. According to the account, Orlando Anderson and others intervened. On cross, Lee acknowledged that he did not independently verify the mall incident with the relevant police department or mall authorities. Las Vegas / MGM According to Lee's 1998 account of what Davis said: Anderson was attacked at MGM by Blood-affiliated/Death Row people after the Tyson fight. Davis, Anderson and girlfriends returned to a room at the Excalibur. Davis said the room was in Anderson's name. Davis described traveling to Las Vegas in a Land Cruiser. He named associates including Corey Edwards, Kevin Davis, Terry Brown / "Bubble Up," Big Dre and Wynn as people who had traveled to Las Vegas. Davis denied that his group killed Shakur. Davis offered an alternative theory that Compton police officers working with or around Knight might have been responsible. Christopher Wallace / Petersen Davis said Zip had introduced him to Wallace. Davis described being at the Petersen Automotive Museum party the night Wallace was killed. He discussed seeing Death Row-associated women and events around the party. This overlapped with the subject matter of the 1997 Miller interview. April 15, 1999 Follow-Up Lee also discussed a later FBI interview on April 15, 1999, documented in another FD-302. Lee described Davis as cooperative and open during the earlier session. The follow-up was intended to obtain additional identifications/information and test or develop gang-investigation leads. Cross Examination The defense focused heavily on what Lee and his team did not verify. Lee acknowledged that he personally did not verify: whether the Excalibur room was actually registered to Anderson the Land Cruiser detail whether each named associate was actually in Las Vegas Davis's alternative Compton-PD shooting theory the Lakewood Mall incident several of Davis's gang-leadership/drug-volume claims Lee also testified: He was not assigned as a Shakur homicide investigator. His squad's primary mission was gang/narcotics work. He did not personally contact LVMPD to report that Davis said he was in Las Vegas. The wiretaps did not contain Davis admitting involvement in Shakur's murder. Lee did not recall wiretap evidence showing Davis ordering a hit or "green-lighting" violence. Some general facts Davis provided could be compared to information already known through surveillance, wiretaps, informants or witness statements. That did not mean every Shakur-specific claim was independently verified. Court Limiting Instruction The court instructed jurors that evidence about Davis's federal drug trafficking, gang affiliation and conviction was not being offered to show bad character or propensity. It was being admitted for limited purposes connected to the statements and issues such as credibility, motive and identity. Jury Questions Q1: If the proffer information was not followed up as a Shakur investigation, what was the reason for interviewing Davis again in jail/prison? Lee explained that investigators had continuing gang/drug investigative work and used Davis to make identifications, provide information and answer questions connected to those investigations. Q2: Did the FBI verify information Davis provided? Lee explained that some information could be compared with things the FBI already knew from surveillance, wiretaps, witnesses or other records. He also said that, nearly 30 years later, it was difficult to reconstruct every follow-up action and that old drug transactions could be difficult or impossible to verify. No attorney follow-up to the jury questions. Exhibits Used State Exhibit 146 — July 1998 FD-302 State Exhibit 149 — April 1999 FD-302 State Exhibit 75 — federal charging/plea/judgment material Jury Questions: 2 Watch Wade Lee's Full Testimony

Role: Former South Side Compton Crips member; friend of Orlando Anderson and Big Dre; firsthand witness to the Lakewood Mall fight. Lee later had contacts with HIDTA/DEA after his own drug case. Lee made clear at the beginning that he had not volunteered to testify and was appearing under subpoena/court order. Denvonta "Dirt Rock" Lee Full Testimony | Tupac Murder Trial | NV v Duane Davis South Side / People in the Case Lee said he began spending time in Compton with Big Dre and later Orlando Anderson. Through Anderson, he began spending time around South Side Compton Crips members and eventually joined. Lee described being “put on” through a fight. He received what he called a “fair one,” meaning a one-on-one fight rather than being jumped by several people. Orlando was present to make sure Lee and his friends got a fair chance. Big Dre was initiated the same day. Lee knew Davis as an older, higher-level “hustler.” When asked what that meant, Lee said Davis was making money through narcotics and operating at a higher level than lower-level dealers. Lee described the Davis family as prominent in the neighborhood. Terrence Brown belonged to an older South Side generation with Davis, while Lee, Big Dre and Orlando were part of a younger group. South Side, Mob Piru and Bad Boy Lee testified that South Side had numerous rival gangs in Compton. He identified Mob Piru and Lueders Park Piru as rivals and said South Side and Mob Piru were actively at war around 1995–1996. He associated Mob Piru with Death Row Records and Suge Knight. He associated Shakur with Knight, Death Row and Mob Piru. Lee said South Side members also became socially connected with Bad Boy Records and attended Bad Boy-related concerts. His understanding was that part of the South Side presence was to help make sure Bad Boy people were not bothered by Death Row-associated gangs. He did not describe this as a formal security contract. Lakewood Mall Fight Lee was personally present at the Lakewood Mall incident. He placed it in the summer of 1996, likely July, based on a friend preparing to leave for college and football training. The group went to the mall to help that friend buy things for college; Lee recalled Davis helping with money. Orlando Anderson was with the South Side group. They encountered people Lee associated with Mob Piru/Death Row. Lee remembered Trayvon Lane with the opposing group and saw him wearing a Death Row chain/medallion. The groups approached one another, words were exchanged, and a fight broke out. Lee said Lane’s chain came off during the brawl. He described taking or coming away with another group’s logo/chain as disrespectful and something that could be bragged about afterward. Police arrived, separated the groups and cleared everyone from the mall rather than conducting extensive interviews at the scene. Lee identified photographs of Davis, Orlando Anderson, Big Dre, Terrence Brown and Trayvon Lane. Lee Was Not in Las Vegas Lee testified that he did not attend the September 7, 1996 Tyson–Seldon fight. He said he was incarcerated and placed the beginning of that incarceration around July 8, 1996. HIDTA / DEA Cooperation and Cross Lee later had his own drug case and contact with a HIDTA/DEA task force. The State asked about five payments totaling approximately $5,300. Cross focused on whether Lee had actually been “working for” HIDTA on various dates or was simply being interviewed. Records refreshed his recollection about contacts in September 2007, April 2008 and July 2008. Lee said his April 2008 discussion was about drugs and rejected the suggestion that he had been providing Shakur-homicide information about Davis at that time. Defense also challenged the Lakewood date. Lee continued to place it around July 1996. His 2023 interview with Detective Cliff Mogg was used to refresh more detailed recollection of the fight, including its location around a Foot Locker. Jury Question Q: What did you receive multiple payments for if you gave information to HIDTA once? A: Lee said the payments occurred during the course of the investigation and described them as ways the agency could help or “look out for” someone who was assisting. Attorney follow-up: None. Jury Questions: 1 Watch DenVonta Lee's Full Testimony

Role: Jefferson was in Las Vegas for the Tyson–Seldon fight weekend and took the widely published photograph of Shakur and Knight shortly before the shooting. He later joined the procession behind Knight's BMW. Direct Examination Fight Weekend / MGM Jefferson traveled from Los Angeles and stayed at the Monte Carlo. He went to MGM for the Tyson–Seldon fight but ultimately did not attend. Jefferson said two men from Detroit wearing matching green suits offered $2,500 each for his and his companion's tickets, and they sold them. Jefferson had briefly met Shakur previously through his work selling cars to people associated with Death Row Records. Photograph of Shakur and Knight Jefferson returned to the Monte Carlo after leaving MGM and gambled for a while. Later, he ordered food from California Pizza Kitchen and left in his white Chevrolet Suburban to pick it up. While traveling north on Las Vegas Boulevard, he noticed the wheels on a nearby BMW, looked over and recognized Shakur and Knight. Jefferson called out to Shakur and asked where they were going. Shakur told him they were going to the club and invited Jefferson to follow. Jefferson asked for a photograph and used a 35mm camera he kept in the center console. That photograph had previously been introduced as State Exhibit 3. When the light changed, Jefferson allowed several entourage vehicles to move ahead of him and placed himself approximately three vehicles behind Knight's BMW. Jefferson did not know where Club 662 was and was simply following the group. Shooting The procession turned right onto Flamingo. Jefferson was on the phone cancelling his California Pizza Kitchen order when he heard gunshots. He ducked because he did not know where the shots were coming from. Jefferson did not see the shooter. He did not see where the gunfire originated. He saw people in vehicles ahead of him get out and run toward Knight's BMW. Knight's BMW made a wide U-turn back toward Las Vegas Boulevard. Jefferson followed. One member of the entourage briefly tried to get into Jefferson's Suburban before apparently realizing it was the wrong vehicle. Jefferson followed behind a green Lexus as the group caught back up with Knight's BMW. He eventually saw the BMW stop near Harmon and Las Vegas Boulevard. Police Response Jefferson saw a bicycle officer arrive. He heard Knight saying that Tupac had been shot and needed help. Another officer approached Jefferson's Suburban with a gun, pulled Jefferson out and put him on the ground. Jefferson said the officer told him witnesses had identified him as part of the entourage. While on the ground, Jefferson saw officers working around the BMW and saw Shakur being removed from the passenger side. Police questioned Jefferson and searched the Suburban. Jefferson was eventually released and returned to the Monte Carlo. Returned to the Scene Jefferson said that roughly 15–20 minutes later, the same officer located him at the Monte Carlo. Jefferson recalled the officer telling him, "We fucked up. The detectives want you back at the scene." Jefferson rode back in a police vehicle while another officer drove his Suburban. Back at the scene, Jefferson told a detective he had photographed Shakur and Knight shortly before the shooting. Because the roll of film had not been completed, Jefferson manually rewound it and gave the film cartridge to police. Police developed the film. When it was later returned to Jefferson, he received the negatives and had prints made. The photograph was later widely published and commercially licensed through Jefferson's agency. State Exhibit 150 Jefferson identified himself in a photograph taken after police brought him back to the scene. State Exhibit 150 was admitted. State 149 was not admitted during this portion of Jefferson's testimony. Internet Claims Jefferson acknowledged that people online have claimed the photograph or scene was staged, in part because Jefferson later worked in the film industry. Asked directly whether he staged it, Jefferson answered that he did not. Cross Examination Defense established that Jefferson's agency commercially licensed the Shakur/Knight photograph. Jefferson was not from Las Vegas and had difficulty reconstructing some of the streets and locations from an aerial map nearly 30 years later. He reiterated that he did not know where Club 662 was that night. Jefferson said he was approximately three vehicles behind Knight's BMW before the shooting. Because he was that far back, he testified that he never reached the Flamingo/Koval intersection before the shots were fired. He described moderate traffic and pedestrians in the area. When Jefferson first encountered Shakur and Knight on Las Vegas Boulevard, Shakur was seated in the BMW. Jefferson did not remember people running up to the vehicle at that point. When police later returned Jefferson's Suburban to the scene, Jefferson said they did not recreate its exact earlier position. Jefferson clarified that police had already developed the film before returning the negatives to him. Jury Question Q: "Can you recall the name of the detective who introduced himself to you the night when you arrived back on the scene?" A: "Uh, Kevin Manning." Attorney follow-up: None. Jury Questions: 1

Role: Diaz was the director/showrunner of the six-part BET documentary series Death Row Chronicles. He personally interviewed Davis in 2017 and testified about Davis's compensation, how the interviews were conducted, how the finished program was edited and how Davis's 2008 proffer was incorporated into the series. Direct Examination Production / Consultants Diaz said Creature Films, a subsidiary of E1, hired him to make the six-part series about the rise and fall of Death Row Records. When Diaz joined the project, Greg Kading and Michael Dorsey were already involved as consultants. Diaz was also told that Davis and Suge Knight had agreed to participate. Diaz identified Davis in court. Davis's Compensation Diaz knew Davis was being paid for his participation. Diaz personally handed Davis at least one check. His rough recollection was that Davis received somewhere around $10,000–$20,000, but Diaz repeatedly said he did not know the exact amount. On cross, Diaz said there may have been multiple installments of roughly $5,000 rather than one check. Diaz had never seen Davis's actual contract. He identified Tara Long, then head of E1, as someone who would have had better information about the contract and payments. 2017 Interviews Diaz conducted two studio interviews with Davis. Davis sat across from Diaz with two cameras recording. Michael Dorsey listened from another room and could communicate with Diaz during the interview. Diaz said Dorsey could check information while the interview was underway. Dorsey also made his own separate audio recording. Attorney Wayne Higgins was present with Davis. Diaz said the first interview happened after Davis arrived dressed in shorts/a T-shirt or otherwise not dressed as Diaz expected for the production. Diaz was concerned Davis might leave, so they sat down and went through questions. Davis later returned in a suit and tie; Diaz said that later interview supplied much of the footage ultimately used in the series. State Exhibit 120 — Sizzle / Promotional Material The jury saw promotional material featuring Davis. Davis says, among other things, that he is one of the only people still alive who can tell the story, that he has cancer, that he has nothing to lose and that he wants the truth told. Diaz testified that the original sizzle reel was made before he formally joined the project. He did not know all of the circumstances surrounding its creation. Diaz later clarified that the material shown in court was a composite of the earlier sizzle reel and a later BET promotional piece assembled outside his control. State Exhibit 123 — Death Row Chronicles Clips The jury saw selected clips from Episodes 5 and 6. Diaz explained that the finished documentary did not consist entirely of Davis's 2017 interview. The program moved between Davis's 2017 interview and excerpts from Davis's 2008 recorded proffer. Diaz therefore identified the source of different clips as they were played. Among the material heard or shown: Davis discusses going toward Club 662 and later getting liquor. Davis says he was in the front seat of the Cadillac. Material concerning Suge looking toward Davis appears in the finished program. Davis says the shots came from the back seat. Asked publicly who shot Shakur, Davis invokes the "code of the streets" and says he did not want to be called a rat. A clip includes a version in which Dre says/acts "no" before Orlando takes over. Davis discusses the Carriage House. Davis appears at Flamingo/Koval and describes it as the place that changed his life forever. Raw Footage / Police Request After the series aired, LVMPD sought the underlying raw footage. Diaz did not personally control the footage. The complete raw tapes were not ultimately provided to investigators. Diaz was able to provide production transcripts of the interviews. He knew Dorsey had separately recorded audio and later provided those recordings. Cross Examination Defense emphasized that Davis was paid for the project. Diaz did not know the exact amount or terms of Davis's contract. Greg Kading and Michael Dorsey were already consultants before Diaz joined. Kading was a paid consultant. Diaz had read Kading's Murder Rap and other publicly available books before or during preparation for the series. Diaz also relied on other interviews and source material. Diaz said he attempted to check what Davis told him against Kading, Dorsey, other interview subjects and published sources. When asked to identify exactly which source corroborated particular details, Diaz could not always do so from memory. Diaz acknowledged that much of the background material was publicly available before Davis's interview. Davis was not under oath during the documentary interview. Asked whether Davis had promised him he would tell the truth, Diaz answered: "No. I mean, I would assume that he would tell me the truth." Diaz acknowledged that the documentary used music, editing, pacing and recreations for dramatic presentation. He described the work as documentary journalism rather than reality television and said his goal was accuracy. Diaz said Davis's actual interviews were not scripted or predetermined. He said he did not give Davis questions in advance and did not coach his answers. Diaz acknowledged that the finished program included reenactments of the 2008 proffer, with actors recreating the setting and Kading providing some direction about how it was depicted. Davis did not review or approve the finished series before it aired. Diaz said giving an interview subject final editorial approval would not be normal practice. Jury Questions Q: "Did you hand him the 10 to 20k check before the interviews for the series?" A: "No." Q: "How did the film studio obtain the audio recording of the 2008 proffer?" A: "It was given to me by either Mike Dorsey or I can't remember." Q: "Did Dwayne Davis have any right to approve or edit what recordings or edits were included in the documentary series?" A: The court feed does not clearly capture a separate verbal answer before the next question. Elsewhere in his testimony, Diaz said Davis did not have final editorial approval. Q: "Was the proffer used to compare or confirm the story Mr. Davis was telling for TV?" A: "Yes." Q: "How was the decision made to use the proffer for TV?" A: Diaz said he wanted to present as complete a picture as possible and used portions of the proffer when something was missing or not fully covered in the 2017 interview, and vice versa. When the court clarified whether the decision was Diaz's, he answered: "Decision was mine. Yes." State Follow-up The State asked Diaz to clarify that when he believed the 2017 interview had not completely covered something, he used the 2008 proffer in the presentation. The State also clarified that the two sources were from different time periods — 2008 and 2017. Diaz agreed. Jury Questions: 5

This was recorded evidence, and no witness was on the stand when it was played. LVMPD Detective Dan Long conducted the interview at a Los Angeles HIDTA/LAPD office. Daryn Dupree was present, along with Davis and attorney Wayne Higgins. The full recording was played to the jury on Day 5. Keffe D 2009 Police Interview With Vegas Metro PD Opening / How the Interview Was Framed Higgins tells Davis in front of Long that the meeting is informal and that there are "no trick questions." He tells Davis that if he does not understand a question, he should say so, and tells him to try to answer Long "truthfully." Long tells Davis: "I have absolutely no intent of arresting you today." Davis later returns to that wording and says the word "today" stuck in his mind. Long then clarifies that he is not going to arrest Davis, that Davis is free to leave and that his earlier wording was poor. Higgins repeatedly tells Davis that Long wants straight facts and honesty. South Side / "Boss" 3:00–9:36 Long asks whether Davis was "running things" for South Side. Davis asks what "running things" means. Long tries "shot caller." Higgins then says: "Just tell him I was the boss." Long responds, "You were the boss. Okay, that makes it easy." The "boss" wording in this exchange therefore comes through Higgins's suggested shorthand rather than Davis independently volunteering the phrase. People / Vehicles in Las Vegas 9:50–19:01 Davis works through the people he remembers being in Las Vegas, including Kevin Davis, Cory Edwards, DeAndre "Big Dre" Smith, Wendell Prince, Terrence/Terry Brown, Tracy Sessions, Orlando Anderson, Paula Davis and others. He says he and Paula drove down a couple of days before the fight. Orlando and Big Dre later arrived in the white, four-door Cadillac. Davis says the Cadillac was rented but does not remember the rental company or who formally rented it. When Long tells him that concrete facts allow investigators to corroborate what he is saying, Davis and the others discuss a deceased woman connected in some way to T. Brown's girlfriend/family and the rental. The automated transcript is unclear enough that the exact relationship should not be treated as established from this recording alone. Kevin and several others traveled in a van. Davis says most of the group stayed at the Monte Carlo. Bad Boy/Death Row and Lakewood Mall 19:06–27:21 Davis discusses Big Jake’s killing in Atlanta and the Source Awards as part of the background tension. These are Davis’s descriptions of the history, not independent findings from this interview. He says Suge publicly embarrassed Puffy at the Source Awards and describes Puffy as afraid of Suge. Long asks Davis for his opinion about whether Suge would have done something to Puffy if he could have caught him; Davis agrees. Davis describes Marcus Hunter being at Lakewood Mall buying things before leaving for college/football. He says several Death Row-associated young men were already at the mall. Davis understood Trayvon Lane to be among them. He describes words being exchanged and Marcus punching one of the other men before a larger fight broke out. Davis says he heard that a Death Row chain came off or was missing during the fight. He repeatedly denies that his group actually ended up with it: "We didn't get it." Davis says they had heard afterward that South Side took the chain, but says it must have been lost in the mall. Davis also recounts a warning relayed through a car-wash person that the Death Row side had a large number of fight tickets and told them not to come to Las Vegas. Davis says the underlying gang rivalry predated the record-label conflict and says he knew Suge from youth football. MGM + Tickets, Event, and Restaurant After the Fight 27:21–35:38 Davis recalls seeing the Death Row group around MGM before the fight weekend activities and describes Rolls-Royces, a large entourage, and crowds of women. He also recalls Mike Tyson and Don King arriving in Bentleys. Davis says the group's fight seats were separated throughout the arena. After the short Tyson–Seldon fight, he says the group went into a restaurant inside MGM. Asked which restaurant, Davis cannot name it and says: "No. It's only — it's on the video, though." He asks more than once if they'd seen them on video at the restaurant (nobody affirms) Asked who was with him in the restaurant, Davis answers: "Everybody except Lane." He says Lane was apparently still coming from the fight. Davis says he was not present when Orlando was beaten. He says Orlando did not initially tell him what happened. Instead, other men came into the restaurant and told the group that Orlando had been jumped. The interview works through East Coast associates including Anthony Treggs (it's kind of vague) Zip, Richie Rich and a man called something like "Wedo"/"Weto" are also discussed around the group that was present after the beating. Davis describes Orlando as badly beaten, with his arm injured/out of socket. Davis describes being told that Tupac, Trayvon Lane, Suge and others were involved in the attack. He says he had seen the MGM beating video by the time of the 2009 interview. MGM Valet / Vehicles 35:38–38:15 Davis says little or nothing was said when Orlando rejoined them; the group went to the MGM valet for vehicles. Vehicles discussed include the van, white Cadillac, Davis's Buick and Zip's black Mercedes. Davis says Orlando wanted to go to a doctor/hospital and was angry, but he does not initially give a revenge statement from Orlando. Davis says Zip's Mercedes belonged to Zip and was not a Las Vegas rental. Davis says he took Paula back to the Monte Carlo, left/gave her money, then joined the van; the white Cadillac stayed with the group. Liquor Store / First Pass Through the Shooting 38:15–53:31 Davis describes going to a liquor store around Flamingo and Maryland Parkway for drinks.. He says he moved into the white Cadillac at/around the liquor-store stop. The van became separated at a light. Davis says the Cadillac traveled west on Flamingo. He describes seeing Shakur hanging out of the passenger side of the BMW while people on the corner reacted to him. He says there were many cars in the Death Row procession, including other dark vehicles. Estimates 18 cars. The Cadillac made a U-turn and came up alongside the BMW. Davis says there was no discussion as the Cadillac pulled alongside. Davis places himself in the front passenger seat, Terrence Brown driving, with Big Dre and Orlando in the rear. When Long asks who did the shooting, Davis identifies Orlando.r. He describes Orlando leaning across the back seat and firing toward the BMW. He estimates roughly five or six shots fired within a few seconds. Davis says he saw Suge react as if hit in the head and initially thought Suge was dead; he describes Tupac moving/trying to get to the back of the BMW. Davis is less certain about what exactly he saw strike Tupac. Weapon Description Long first asks whether the gun was a revolver or semiautomatic. Davis says semiautomatic. The make/caliber discussion includes references to newspaper reports and interviewer language before ".40 Glock" is stated. Women's Car Davis describes a small white car occupied by women following the Cadillac after the shooting. He says he did not know who the women were. He is uncertain about their race and how many of them there were. Asked why they stopped following, Davis says Orlando fired another round. Davis does not claim to know exactly where Orlando aimed; he says he assumes the shot scared them off. Compare with Day 1: Ingrid Stokes testified that the women were trying to flee the shooting rather than intentionally pursuing the shooters. She did not identify anyone in the white car and could not determine the direction of the initial gunfire. Carriage House / Gun Left Behind Davis says they went into the rear parking area near the Carriage House, left the Cadillac and walked back toward the Monte Carlo. Orlando went away separately and returned roughly 20 minutes later. Davis says Orlando later said he had urinated on his hands. The interviewer then supplies the gunpowder-residue explanation. Davis says the gun was left on a tire of the Cadillac, which he places on the front passenger side. First Gun-Source Account 53:31–55:42 Long asks where the gun came from. Davis answers: "From Zip." Long then asks when Orlando got the gun from Zip and places that interaction at the MGM valet. Long repeatedly asks what, specifically, Zip said to Orlando. Davis initially says “I guess,” Higgins and Long tell him not to guess. The questioning becomes increasingly suggestive: examples such as “take care of the guy,” “here’s your opportunity to get back,” and “handle your business” are suggested by the other sin the room. Davis generally agrees with the meaning but does not independently supply one clear quote. Private Discussion with Wayne Higgins and Daryn Dupree 55:42–1:01:14 At approximately 55:42 into the standalone recording, Long steps out so the other three can have a conversation privately (though the recording continues). Higgins tells Davis he is "doing a pretty good job" but warns him that he is not supposed to be getting himself into something that sounds like he was involved in murder. Davis says: "He gave me the gun." Davis is repeatedly told to "stay consistent." He says "the story's already been told." Higgins explains that Davis can say he thinks or recalls something happened a certain way without locking himself into an exact detail if his memory is uncertain. Higgins tells him: "Certain things that you say… will get you a murder case." He also says: "I'm not asking you to lie, but I am asking you to give yourself some room." Higgins and Dupree suggest Davis can remain consistent with his earlier story while acknowledging that his recollection may not be exact. When Long returns, Higgins asks him to distinguish between questions about what Davis personally remembers and questions asking Davis to speculate about what another person did. Gun Account After the Interview Restarts 1:01:14–1:07:50 Long returns to the MGM valet sequence. Davis says Zip was in the black Mercedes with rapper Foxy Brown. Foxy Brown got out, leaving Davis and Zip alone. Davis now says Zip gave the gun to him. He describes Zip retrieving it from a hidden/mechanized compartment around the center console or armrest. Asked what kind of gun it was, Davis’s answer is something like “the 45... the 40 Glock.” He says he then got out of the Mercedes. Davis is asked if Zip said anything .. Davis says he cannot recall the exact words but describes the gist as something like “do you need some help?” and “handle business.” Davis also says the group told East Coast associates they did not need help and were going to get liquor. Asked what he did with the gun, Davis initially says he gave it "to the Cadillac" and does not remember who specifically received it. After further questioning, he says: "Handed it to Big Dre to be exact." Davis says he did not remember saying anything to Dre when he handed it over. When Long begins giving a personal example of what he himself would say if someone handed him a gun, Higgins interrupts and tells him to stop and just ask Davis the question. Davis also mentions another weapon, possibly a 9mm, being in the van but says he does not know who possessed it. Club 662 1:08:30–1:17:02 Davis says the group went to Club 662 before the liquor-store stop. Asked what they were looking for, he first refers to the Death Row/Mob Piru group. Asked specifically who they wanted to see, Davis says: Suge. Davis says they did not enter the club. They decided Suge was not there because the relevant vehicles were not there. Asked whether they planned to wait for him, Davis says no because that would have been too dangerous. The group then left to get liquor. No Advance Plan Long and Higgins repeatedly ask whether there was a conversation or understanding that someone would shoot or kill Suge if they found him. Davis says there was no explicit discussion like “we’re going to kill him when we see him.” He says he personally was not thinking that anyone would kill or shoot Suge. Davis says that after leaving 662, the plan was to return to the Monte Carlo, drink/smoke and deal with Orlando's injured arm. He describes the later encounter with the BMW as inadvertent: “We happen to bump into them.”Long asks again about whether Orlando was a planned shooter. Davis answers: "There was no plan at all. Period. It was a lucky coincidence. We ran into him." U-Turn and Dre/Orlando 1:14:18–1:16:13 Davis says they saw the Death Row procession while traveling on Flamingo. Davis says someone said, in substance, “There they go.” Davis says that after seeing the BMW, Terrence Brown made the U-turn without someone ordering him to do so. Big Dre had the gun. Davis says Dre did not say anything. When asked whether Dre said "I don't want to do it," Davis says no. He says Dre "didn't do nothing." The interviewer characterizes Dre as having "locked up," and Davis agrees. Davis says Orlando then took/snatches the gun and began firing. The shooting happens almost immediately after the Cadillac gets alongside the BMW. Suge Knight / Eye Contact 1:18:19–1:19:54 The interviewers ask whether Suge saw Davis and whether they made eye contact. Davis initially says Suge “could have” seen him and that it was possible. The questioning continues to focus on whether Davis and Knight made eye contact during the shooting. Davis ultimately says it looked like Knight saw him/that they may have made eye contact. Leaving Las Vegas/Gun 1:20:23–1:23:24 Davis says police later searched houses on Burris and elsewhere and recovered numerous guns, but he says they did not recover the murder weapon. Asked where the gun went, Davis says he never heard. He says Terrence Brown/T Brown drove the Cadillac. Davis says they left Las Vegas the next morning because they assumed police would be looking for the white Cadillac. He says he left in the Buick with Paula and Orlando/Baby Lane. Davis says Orlando was nervous on the drive back and had gone to a hospital in Las Vegas for treatment of his arm. When Long corrects the hospital detail by noting Tupac went to a trauma center elsewhere, Davis distinguishes Orlando’s hospital from Tupac’s. Davis says Cory later came from MGM saying everyone was talking about Tupac being shot. Who Knew? 1:23:53–1:27:12 Davis says the van group was not near the shooting and initially had no idea that the Cadillac group had done it. He says he did not tell them afterward. Asked whether he told people after returning to Compton, Davis repeatedly says no. Davis says the first people he told the actual story were the investigators; he says even his attorney had not known. He says he had not told his wife, son, sisters, brothers or other neighborhood members. Higgins says even he, Davis's longtime attorney, had not previously been told. Later South Side Meeting Davis acknowledges a later meeting after violence between the groups escalated. He says he told younger members that the older/higher-level people would deal with the "heavyweight" figures while younger members dealt with neighborhood-level opponents. When Long suggests that this may have been when Davis alluded to his group killing Shakur, Davis strongly denies it: "I never told nobody that." Cadillac / Casings 1:27:12–1:30:50 The interviewer asks whether the Cadillac went to a car wash. Davis says no. Davis denies that the Cadillac was taken to a car wash or body shop. The questioning turns to shell casings and cleanup. Davis says Terrence Brown cleaned the Cadillac before leaving Las Vegas, but also says he personally did not go near the Cadillac during that process. Davis says T. Brown returned the rental Cadillac. Davis repeatedly says nobody discussed what happened to the gun with him. When asked whether T. Brown might keep the gun as a souvenir, Davis says “Hell no” and says Brown would get rid of something like that. The investigators say they had been looking for the weapon for years and ask Davis to speculate about who might have retrieved it; Davis says he does not know. Later, Davis says he and T. Brown have discussed “this” many times. Cory/“Fixation” and Another Attorney Intervention 1:30:56–1:32:31 Long return to Cory. Higgins seems frustrated with the repeated focus and says the investigator has a “fixation” on Cory. Higgins tells Davis to answer direct questions but not to ramble or boast. Before Davis answers whether Cory played a role, Higgins says to answer directly and not hesitate to say what he thinks. Davis says he thinks Cory had some role, but the basis is not cleanly developed before the conversation moves to rumors and money. Sean "Puffy" Combs / Zip / Payment 1:32:15–1:44:57 Attorney Higginsinitiates the topic Higgins tells Davis to explain his relationship with Puff and Zip and whether Puffy had an interest in having Suge or anyone killed. Davis says Combs was afraid of Knight. He describes an alleged hotel-room conversation in which Combs said something to the effect of: "I'll give anything for that dude's head" The questioning then becomes more specific about whether Combs meant payment and whether he threw out a figure such as $1 million. Davis says no specific dollar amount was stated in that particular conversation, although he says Combs wanted Knight's "head" gone. Asked whether Combs also had a problem with Shakur, Davis agrees that there was hostility and says Shakur had escalated the feud. Asked whether Combs came up during the night of the shooting, Davis initially says no, then says that after the shooting people said: "Damn, we get paid now." Long says: “paid by Puffy to Orlando and your crew?” Davis agrees. Davis says they did not actually receive money. He describes meeting Zip months later at a hot-wing restaurant and telling him they needed money after police raids. According to Davis, Zip said he would make sure Combs sent some money. Davis says no amount was specified. Asked why he believes Zip was ultimately paid, Davis cites Zip's later wealth, nightclub/cars, what he heard from DMac and "word on the street." Davis also attributes a statement to “DMac” about Zip getting paid / falling out with others. When pressed whether he personally had a direct conversation with Zip confirming the payment, the answer is ultimately no. Davis describes later seeing Puffy at the House of Blues. Puffy came to the car and invited them to a hotel to smoke/hang out. Davis says he perceived Puffy as scared. Long repeats that he (himself) would also be afraid if he owed Davis money, and that Davis was a real street figure while Puffy was a rapper. More on Fight Trip, 662, Chance Encounter 1:45:58–1:47:32 Long asks whether Davis and the group came to Las Vegas specifically to do something to Tupac. Davis answers emphatically: “Oh, no. No, no, no, no, not at all.” The interviewer summarizes that they were there for the fight; Davis agrees. The interviewer then frames the post-beating sequence: they went to 662 looking for Suge, but once that did not work out they were done; Davis agrees. It's suggested to Davis that Suge and Tupac then “presented themselves” and that the opportunity was too great for Baby Lane; Davis agrees. Asked his own reaction when Orlando started shooting, Davis says it was surprising. Regret/Orlando's Later Death 1:48:00–1:52:56 Davis says Orlando's later killing had nothing to do with Shakur and describes it as stemming from a separate drug dispute involving a half-kilo an da later shootout near a carwash. Davis says his side feared retaliation from Suge/Death Row. Davis makes allegations that Death Row had police/local-government support and says his group felt at a disadvantage after police seized weapons. Asked how he feels about Shakur's death, Davis says: "I wish it never would happen, man." When the interviewer presses for how he feels about Tupac himself, Higgins reframes the point as an unexpected bad situation. Davis says he wishes he had never met Puff Daddy and blames the association for wrecking his life. Davis says he saw Suge at a Lakers game after Davis later got out and that Suge told him to stay strong/asked if he needed anything. Asked whether Suge thought South Side killed Tupac, Davis says yes and recounts a reported bounty: $100,000 for leaders and $5,000 for other gang members. Davis says he learned of the alleged bounty through a homeboy whose cousin was supposedly at a meeting. Corroboration/Who Davis Had Told 1:52:59–1:54:46 Long explicitly says they are looking for corroboration — someone Davis told the same story to. Davis says there was no one. Higgins says he had represented Davis for a long time and may have suspected something, but Davis had never told him. Higgins says Davis is there in part because the matter has been on his mind and to help resolve it. Promises/Protections 1:54:46–1:57:31 Long first asks whether he personally threatened Davis or promised him anything in connection with that conversation. Davis answers no. Long then broadens the question to whether anybody promised Davis anything regarding the case. The exchange becomes less straightforward. Davis raises his understanding that anything he discussed was confidential and that he had been told he could not be charged. The speakers then distinguish that broader cooperation/proffer understanding from whether LVMPD had separately promised Davis anything specifically regarding the Shakur case. Higgins says there had been no separate LVMPD/Tupac-specific promises Near the end, the group chatters about the difference between a situation in which the group was not looking for Shakur and Orlando unexpectedly grabbed the gun and shot him, versus a situation in which the group had been actively looking for Shakur with that intent. 2008/2009 Statement Comparison (in progress) Both recordings: Davis places himself in the white Cadillac. Terrence Brown drives. Big Dre and Orlando are in the rear. Davis says Orlando ultimately fires. He describes the Carriage House and the women's car after the shooting. 2009 recording: Davis repeatedly says there was no advance plan to shoot Shakur. He says the group went to 662 looking for Suge, left when he was not there, and later happened upon the BMW. The first gun-source sequence develops as Zip giving the gun to Orlando at MGM; after Higgins's private discussion with Davis, Davis describes Zip giving the gun to him, followed by Davis giving it to Big Dre. Davis says Dre never verbally refused; he says Dre did nothing and did not speak. His Suge eye-contact account begins as uncertain and becomes more definite through repeated questioning. Davis says no specific dollar amount was stated in one alleged Combs conversation. He acknowledges that his belief Zip was paid is based on rumor/inference rather than direct confirmation. Watch the full September 9, 2009 interview with LVMPD

Tupac Trial Witness Grilled Over Surreptitious Recordings | EVIDENTIARY HEARING | NV v. Duane Davis Outside the presence of the jury, Defense separately challenged portions of Dorsey’s privately made recording that captured conversations involving Davis and his attorney, Wayne Higgins. The defense argued that some conversations occurred when the formal BET interview appeared to have stopped and that Davis could have believed he was communicating privately with counsel. Dorsey was recalled outside the jury’s presence. How Dorsey Recorded the Interviews Dorsey testified: He was located in an office down the hall from the studio. He could hear the studio feed but could not see the room. He listened through headphones. He placed his phone near the audio and recorded the live feed. Davis did not know Dorsey was separately making that recording. Dorsey intentionally avoided interacting with Davis during the production. Multiple production employees were generally present in the small studio. Dorsey estimated there could be roughly half a dozen people in the room, including producers, sound personnel, a videographer and lighting personnel. Davis had microphones on him and the room itself was being recorded for the production. Dorsey recalled Davis at one point whispering words to the effect of “This is a hot mic.” On defense questioning, Dorsey acknowledged that because he had audio only, he could not personally see who was physically present during each conversation. Court Ruling Judge Kierny found the conversations were not protected by attorney-client privilege under the circumstances presented. The court emphasized: third parties were present; the setting was a recording studio; the purpose of being there was to record Davis; microphones were present throughout the room and on participants; the circumstances did not reasonably lend themselves to a confidential attorney-client exchange. she did not weigh in on the legality of the recording under California law (where the recording took place)

Role: Director of Murder Rap and later a consultant on Death Row Chronicles. Dorsey researched the Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace investigations, worked closely with former LAPD detective Greg Kading, listened remotely to Davis’s 2017 interviews, sent suggested follow-up questions to the production, and independently recorded the live studio audio. Day 6 Video — Direct Part 2 + Recorded Interviews: Keffe D’s 2017 Interviews Played for Jury - Michael Dorsey Direct Part 2 Day 6 Video — Cross / Redirect / Recross: “Can You Please Stop Badgering Me?” | Michael Dorsey Cross Examination, Redirect- Keffe D Trial Quick Questions Before Recording Resumes Before returning to the July 17, 2017 recording, the State asked Dorsey about biographical details Davis discussed during the interview that later appeared in Compton Street Legend. Dorsey identified examples including: Davis’s childhood interaction with Crips while shooting dice; playing Pop Warner football with Suge Knight; childhood visits to Knight’s home; Davis’s account of beginning to work around the drug trade while young; participation in an Upward Bound program at UCLA. Dorsey testified that he had only encountered those particular stories in Davis’s 2017 interview and later in Davis’s book, leading him to conclude the book’s author obtained them from Davis. Recorded Evidence - State 121 - July 17, 2017 Davis Interview - Continued Recorded evidence played during Dorsey’s testimony Speaker-attribution note: The raw courtroom feed combines the interview audio with voices from people elsewhere in the production room. Davis can generally be identified, and most substantive questions appear to be coming from the principal interviewer, but individual background comments are not attributed to a named speaker unless the record makes that sufficiently clear. The Day 6 playback resumed where the jury had stopped on Friday. Davis / Federal Investigation Davis discusses prior federal investigations and contacts. Dorsey testified live that some of the federal-investigation information Davis mentioned was new to him at the time. Davis complains about law-enforcement attention he says followed him for years. Davis, Sean Combs and Suge Knight The interview turns to Davis’s relationship with Sean “Puffy” Combs and tension involving Suge Knight. Davis initially resists going into the most sensitive allegation: DAVIS: “I ain’t really comfortable talking about that right now. You, when you see me in that suit, you got me, all right?” When the questioning is reframed more generally: Q: “What did he want?” DAVIS: “I guess he wanted to get, get rid of them dudes and his problems.” Asked about compensation, Davis avoids giving the amount: Q: “But he offered you… Can you just say he offered us some money or something like that?” DAVIS: “Yeah, it was money.” The recording therefore contains the alleged Combs arrangement, but also shows Davis deliberately withholding details until he believes he has legal clearance to discuss them. Orlando Anderson Davis describes Orlando as his nephew. He calls Orlando well respected and a good student. When asked whether Orlando was involved in gang life, Davis initially distinguishes growing up around the gang from “gangbanging.” Lakewood Mall Chain Incident Davis says he was not present for the Lakewood Mall incident. His account is that: a young associate named Marcus was at the mall; Death Row/Mob Piru associates confronted him; Marcus fought one of them and took the chain; Davis denies personally taking the chain; he characterizes the chain as inexpensive and dismisses the idea that the incident involved a formal chain bounty. Because Davis expressly says he was not present, this portion is his account of what he says he later learned rather than eyewitness testimony. Growing Death Row / South Side Tension Davis describes a series of earlier confrontations and broader neighborhood tension. He discusses: prior encounters involving Knight; confrontations at clubs; long-running Crip/Blood neighborhood hostility; his view that Death Row associates became more aggressive as money and influence increased. The recording also contains numerous allegations by Davis concerning corruption within Compton law enforcement. These are Davis’s allegations in the interview, not independently established facts. Davis Seeks Legal Clearance Before Discussing the Murder A significant portion of the recording concerns what Davis believes he can safely discuss. Davis says: “I wanna know what I can say and what I can’t say.” He repeatedly refers to needing to consult counsel and/or the U.S. attorney before going further. At another point: “You don’t want me to get me locked up.” The people conducting the interview respond by suggesting they move away from the sensitive area and return to it later. Davis indicates he expects to discuss the homicide more fully after receiving a “green light.” Aftermath of Tupac Shooting Davis says that after returning to Compton: Reggie Wright Sr. came to his street; Wright allegedly confronted and threatened him; Davis interpreted the confrontation as evidence that Knight had law-enforcement allies; media reports quickly began referring to “Keffe D’s nephew” in connection with the shooting; Davis believed Knight had identified that relationship; Davis and his associates changed their behavior because they believed police and Death Row associates were targeting them. Again, the statements concerning Wright and police misconduct are Davis’s allegations. Christopher Wallace / Biggie Smalls The interview turns to Wallace’s murder. Davis emphatically denies involvement: DAVIS: “We had nothing to do with no Biggie’s, Biggie Smalls murder. Biggie was our friend. You know, why would we want to kill him?” Asked why he eventually cooperated with authorities: DAVIS: “Save my fucking life.” Davis says investigators had significant criminal exposure against him and people around him and that cooperation was intended to protect himself and others. Davis on Tupac Davis expresses regret that the shooting occurred: “I wish that never happened to Tupac because, uh, shit, it changed my whole fucking life.” At the same time, he criticizes Shakur for becoming involved in gang disputes: “You’re not a gangster. You’re a fucking rapper.” When asked whether the situation would have been left alone if Tupac had not assaulted Orlando at MGM: DAVIS: “Yes.” Davis says he and Knight had known each other since childhood and adds: “Shit shouldn’t have never happened.” Gang Hierarchy Davis also discusses South Side hierarchy and terminology. He describes: Double OGs; OGs; younger generations; status being based on age, reputation and work put in. Davis places himself among the older generation because he says he was present during the gang’s formative period. “Baby Lane” / “Keffe D” Near the end of the session: Davis says Orlando was called Baby Lane in connection with Burris Lane and the name Orlando/Lane. He says “Keffe D” distinguished him from other people named Keith/Keffe in the neighborhood. Recorded Evidence - State 122 - July 28, 2017 Davis Interview Dorsey confirmed on the stand that the second 2017 interview was dated July 28, 2017. STATE: “…the second interview… was July 28th of 2017.” DORSEY: “That sounds right, yes.” The court then announced: “122 is now playing.” Beginning of Recording / Attorney The beginning contains substantial production-room discussion. Davis asks where his attorney is. He indicates he expects his attorney to be present. The production continues preparing the interview while counsel is being located. Davis complains about material from an earlier production having appeared publicly. Multiple background voices can be heard; individual comments should not all be attributed to Diaz. Sean Combs / Suge Knight Allegation Again The interviewer returns to the Combs/Knight story. Davis says Combs contacted people around him because Combs was concerned about Knight. When asked directly what Combs allegedly wanted: DAVIS: “I guess he wanted the big guy taken care of.” Davis again denies being motivated by money and portrays himself as extremely financially successful during that period. Orlando / Lakewood Mall Again Davis again says: he was not at the mall when the original chain incident began; Marcus was the person who fought and took the chain; Orlando arrived with friends; Orlando was not the person who took the chain; the supposed “bounty” over the chain was nonsense. Vegas / MGM Fight Davis says: he went to Las Vegas for the Mike Tyson fight; he had been attending Tyson fights for years; he saw Knight the day before the fight and says there was no confrontation; after the fight, members of his group met at the MGM cafe; associates told him Knight’s group had assaulted Orlando; Davis located Orlando; he says Orlando’s shoulder appeared injured; Orlando told him a group including Knight and Shakur had rushed him. Decision to Go Toward Club 662 Davis describes a discussion among the group after the MGM assault. He says: they learned Shakur/Knight were headed to Club 662; they went toward 662; Davis wanted to talk to Knight; he describes the possibility of Orlando and Tupac fighting one-on-one; he says he and Knight had known each other since childhood; the group waited near the club; Knight/Shakur never arrived; they left and went to buy liquor before returning toward the Strip/hotel. Four Occupants of the Cadillac Davis identifies four people in the white Cadillac: Driver: person he calls “Bubble Up” Front passenger: Davis Rear driver side: Big Dre Rear passenger side / behind Davis: Orlando Anderson Davis Claims Tupac Fired First Davis gives a version of the shooting in which Shakur allegedly produces a weapon first. DAVIS: “Pac reached down and got his little shit out and starting busing.” Davis says he ducked. He then says shots were fired from the Cadillac’s back seat. This is Davis’s 2017 account. “Who Pulled the Trigger?” Diaz presses Davis. Q: “Who pulled the trigger?” DAVIS: “I don’t know who pulled the trigger. I didn’t see it.” Then: Q: “Did Orlando pull the trigger?” Davis instead points out that Big Dre was physically closest to the other vehicle. He says he was ducking and did not see which man fired. When Diaz points out that Davis was in the car and later had opportunities to speak with the others: DAVIS: “That would be incriminating myself.” The questioning pauses. Shooter Question Again When questioning resumes: Q: “Where’d the shots come from?” DAVIS: “The backseat.” The interviewer presses: Q: “Who had the gun?” DAVIS: “I don’t know, sir, to tell you the truth. All I… I was ducking.” Asked why there was a gun in the vehicle: DAVIS: “No, that’s, we gangsters. Why wouldn’t we have guns?” Production Pushes Davis About His Earlier Statement The discussion turns to the account published through Greg Kading. Background/production voices discuss what was already publicly reported about Davis identifying Orlando. Davis initially says he does not remember making the statement. The questioning becomes explicit: Q: “So you’re denying that you ever said that Orlando was the shooter?” DAVIS: “Yes, I’m denying it.” The interviewer summarizes: Q: “And your statement now is that you were in the car, and shots rang out from your car, but you don’t know who did it.” DAVIS: “Exactly.” DAVIS: “It came from the back seat.” Important Statement Comparison 2008/2009 recorded statements: Davis identifies Orlando as the person who ultimately fired. July 28, 2017: Davis admits being in the Cadillac and says the gunfire came from its back seat, but repeatedly refuses or claims inability to identify whether Orlando or Big Dre fired. That is a material difference among Davis’s statements. Discussion of Prior Police Statements The production asks Davis what he had told law enforcement over the years. The exchange is messy and shifts. At one point Davis says: “I didn’t give no statements.” He then acknowledges FBI questioning after the shooting. Asked why he did not tell investigators what he was now describing: DAVIS: “Shit, probably go to fucking jail.” A background voice then reframes the answer toward Davis being innocent and wanting to avoid incriminating himself. Davis responds: “Because I’m innocent. I didn’t have nothing to do with that.” This portion is useful because the jury hears not only the final answers, but also the production discussion surrounding how Davis should explain them. Cadillac Repainted Davis says the Cadillac returned to Compton with bullet damage. He says younger associates believed the vehicle needed to be repaired and painted. Earlier in the recording he states: “We took it to the paint shop… so there won’t be no evidence.” Later he says he personally wanted nothing to do with handling the repairs and that others took care of the car. The statements place the alleged repainting within Davis’s own 2017 narrative; no physical Cadillac is introduced through Dorsey to independently verify the claim. Alleged Orlando / Suge Knight Court Arrangement Davis discusses Orlando later appearing in connection with Knight’s legal proceedings after the MGM assault. Davis alleges: Orlando called him to a lawyer’s office; Reggie Wright Sr., a Compton officer identified as Reynolds, and members of Knight’s circle were present; an arrangement involved Orlando minimizing Knight’s role in the assault; Davis claims Orlando received $60,000. DAVIS: “He gave him $60,000.” Asked what it was for: DAVIS: “To say that, uh, he didn’t do nothing.” These are Davis’s allegations in the 2017 media interview and are not independently established merely because the recording was admitted. Reggie Wright Sr. Allegation Davis again alleges that Wright Sr. confronted him after the shooting. He describes Wright driving onto his street and threatening retaliation. Davis uses the story to support his broader allegation that Knight had support from people inside Compton law enforcement. Tupac / Gang Life The interview again turns to Shakur. Davis criticizes artists who associate themselves with street gangs after becoming successful. Asked specifically about Tupac, Davis says Shakur should not have tried to become involved in gang conflicts. Asked whether he believes Tupac deserved to die: DAVIS: “No, I don’t think it was deserved.” He nevertheless blames the MGM confrontation for setting events in motion. Apology / Shooter Question — Final Attempt The interviewer asks whether Davis wants to apologize to Shakur’s family. Davis says he hates that the killing happened but refuses to apologize for something he says he personally did not do: DAVIS: “No, I, no, I, I didn’t do nothing.” The shooter question is then raised again: Q: “Big Dre, Orlando, who, who, who shot Tupac?” DAVIS: “It just came from the backseat, bro.” Pressed to select one: DAVIS: “Can’t, can’t tell you that.” Davis says both rear passengers are dead. Asked why he will not name the shooter: “I just don’t want people be saying I’m a fucking rat…” He adds: “This came from the back seat, homie.” Gun / Corey Edwards Toward the end, the interviewer raises a report concerning a .40-caliber Glock allegedly found near Corey Edwards. Davis says: he never gave Corey a gun; nobody from the Cadillac gave Corey a gun; he does not know what happened to the weapon used in the shooting; he rejects the suggestion that Corey received it from the people in the Cadillac. The conversation includes additional speculation about how a gun may have ended up near Corey, but the recording does not establish through physical evidence that the firearm discussed was the murder weapon. Additional Setting Questions / Production Prompting Near the end of the interview, production voices decide they want additional descriptive material. Davis is asked: whether it was warm or cold; whether the group had been drinking; how quickly the Cadillac was traveling; whether they were specifically looking for Shakur and Knight; whether the encounter was accidental; whether it was dark; whether windows were down; whether music was playing. Davis says: it was warm; they were not drunk; they had intended to party; they were headed back toward the hotel; they were not actively driving around searching for Shakur; seeing Shakur hanging from the BMW window was a chance encounter; it was nighttime. This portion is especially useful for showing how the production actively sought additional scene-setting details after the main interview had essentially concluded. Street Rumors / Orlando A production voice asks about rumors that Orlando had later taken credit for the shooting. Davis denies hearing that: Orlando would “never” go around incriminating himself. Davis instead says he had heard about a possible retaliatory “hit” against himself from Death Row/Piru associates and says he feared police retaliation more than gang retaliation. Direct Examination Part 2 - After the 2017 Recordings After State 121 and 122 finished, the State returned to live questioning of Dorsey. Death Row Chronicles / Davis Book Dorsey testified: Death Row Chronicles aired in 2018. He later learned Davis was publishing a book. Dorsey obtained Compton Street Legend when it was released in 2019. Dorsey later saw Davis publicly display and promote the book during a VladTV interview. The State introduced a redacted Kindle version as State Exhibit 127. Michael Dorough / “Little Owl” Dorsey testified about Michael Dorough, whom he described as a longtime friend of Orlando Anderson. Dorsey said Dorough’s street name was Little Owl, while Davis’s book used a different name for the person. The State then asked the court to take judicial notice of a Nevada criminal case concerning Dorough. The court took judicial notice that Dorough had been committed to custody before the September 7, 1996 homicide and remained in custody at the time of the shooting. Names / Aliases in Compton Street Legend The State also questioned Dorsey concerning several names or aliases Davis used in the book. Dorsey gave his interpretation of identities including: Corey Edwards / “C-Ray” “Uchi” “Tucker” “Menace” Some identifications were based on Dorsey’s research and inference rather than the book expressly naming the person, and defense raised foundation/speculation objections during this section. State’s Public-Knowledge / Corroboration Questions The State then focused on whether particular details in Davis’s accounts were publicly available before Davis supplied them. Women’s Car / Near Collision Dorsey testified that he had researched publicly available Tupac material dating back to the 1990s. Asked about Davis’s 2008 account of the women’s car: Dorsey said Davis described the women following the Cadillac around the corner. Davis described the vehicles nearly colliding. Dorsey testified he had not found that chase/near-collision detail in public material before 2008. Defense objected to Dorsey simply claiming knowledge of everything that was public. The State then laid additional foundation. Dorsey identified sources including: Cathy Scott’s The Killing of Tupac Shakur; numerous contemporary news reports; newspaper archives; Randall Sullivan’s Labyrinth; other material collected during his documentary research. Chrysler vs. Sebring Dorsey acknowledged that Cathy Scott’s book described the women as being in a Chrysler. According to Dorsey: Scott did not identify the model as a Sebring; he had not found the alleged chase/near-collision in her account. Judge Kierny instructed jurors that Scott’s book was not being considered for the truth of what she wrote. It was being referenced only to determine whether the particular detail had appeared in that publication. Cross-Examination - Michael Dorsey Defense began: DEFENSE: “Mr. Dorsey, are you a detective with the Metro Police Department?” DORSEY: “Nope.” Cross then expanded into Dorsey’s research, the sources he relied upon, how he obtained them, and what he independently verified. Dorsey’s Documentary Research Dorsey said his involvement began in late 2012 after learning about Greg Kading’s Murder Rap. He contacted Kading about making a documentary. Dorsey described the research as a combination of: his own independent work; Kading explaining the multi-year task-force investigation. Defense walked him through books he had or had not read, including: Cathy Scott; Randall Sullivan; Frank Alexander; other Tupac/Death Row books. Asked whether documentaries are a business: DORSEY: “Sure. It’s not a very good business, but yeah.” Files Supplied by Greg Kading Dorsey said Kading provided a large digitized file collection containing approximately: 2,700 PDF reports; more than 100 hours of audio; witness/suspect interviews; photographs; other investigative material. Much of it related to the Christopher Wallace investigation, though Dorsey said the files also contained Tupac material. No LVMPD Detective Interviews While Making Murder Rap Defense asked which detectives Dorsey personally interviewed. Dorsey identified Kading and former LAPD investigator Kelly Cooper. He acknowledged: he did not interview an LVMPD detective while conducting the original Murder Rap documentary research. Dorsey agreed that the Shakur homicide occurred within LVMPD’s jurisdiction. Contacting Metro After Death Row Chronicles Dorsey said he contacted LVMPD only after Death Row Chronicles aired and Davis began speaking publicly. He eventually communicated extensively with Detective Mogg. Defense referenced a media interview in which Dorsey described sending around 100 emails to Metro over several years. Dorsey said he repeatedly forwarded new Davis interviews and statements as they appeared online. Dorsey’s Secret/Separate 2017 Recording Defense spent substantial time on Dorsey’s recording. Dorsey acknowledged: Davis did not know Dorsey was in another room listening. Dorsey was sending occasional follow-up questions to the production. Dorsey made his own full audio recording using his phone. His recording captured material not included in the formal BET production. Dorsey did not give that recording to BET. Dorsey did not give it to LVMPD at the time. Dorsey said the reason he made the recording was practical: once he realized the Davis interview would take place over more than one session, he wanted a record of what had already been asked so the production could prepare follow-ups. DORSEY: “Never in a million years did I think that that recording was gonna be playing in court.” Defense: “And of course, you turned over that recording to BET because once again, it’s part of their work, right?” Dorsey: “No, of course not.” Dorsey also said he never used the private recording in another production. “Any Citizen Can Investigate a Crime” Defense asked whether investigating Tupac’s murder was Dorsey’s responsibility. Dorsey answered: “Any citizen can investigate a crime if they want to.” Defense emphasized that LVMPD was the official agency responsible for the homicide. Dorsey responded that other agencies had also investigated related conduct and that he believed Detective Mogg was actively working the case when Dorsey was sending him Davis’s later public interviews. Dorsey described the strategy: “If your suspect is talking, you let him talk.” He estimated Davis ultimately participated in roughly nine YouTube interviews over several years. Cross — Verification / Greg Kading Defense asked whether Dorsey independently investigated the information Davis provided. Dorsey said he reviewed the case files and believed they contained substantial corroboration. Defense repeatedly emphasized that those files had been supplied by Greg Kading. Dorsey pushed back that the material was not merely “Kading’s” work but included reports created by numerous earlier investigators. During the increasingly contentious exchange: DORSEY: “Don’t shake your head.” Dorsey then continued explaining that Biggie investigators had gathered information concerning Tupac because investigators believed the cases were connected. “Stole” the File Defense then questioned how Kading came to possess investigative material. Counsel characterized Kading as having “stolen” a Tupac file. Dorsey immediately objected to the characterization himself: “I object to the word steals.” He then clarified: “I take issue with the word steal.” Dorsey said that in his experience producing true-crime documentaries, retired detectives sometimes retain copies of case materials. Defense responded by emphasizing again: DEFENSE: “Are you a detective, sir?” DORSEY: “No.” The exchange culminated in defense suggesting that if the circumstances of Kading’s acquisition of the files mattered, Kading himself should testify. Dorsey responded: “If he wants to, sure.” OJP - Greg Kading/File Completeness/Character Evidence Defense next attempted to ask about alleged credibility problems involving Kading. The State objected. The jury was removed. State Position The State argued: Kading had not testified. The State had not offered opinion evidence concerning Kading’s character. Defense should not be allowed to introduce specific alleged misconduct through Dorsey simply to attack a non-witness. The line of questioning amounted to character assassination without the appropriate evidentiary foundation. Defense Position Defense argued that the State opened the door by: emphasizing Dorsey’s research; allowing Dorsey to rely on the investigative files; establishing how closely Dorsey worked with Kading. Defense joked that: “Greg Kading was like his BFF.” Defense argued it should be able to test whether the files Dorsey relied upon were actually complete and reliable. Court Ruling Judge Kierny drew a distinction between: Permissible how Dorsey obtained the files; whether they came through official channels; whether Dorsey could know they were complete; what safeguards were or were not present; the completeness/provenance of the records on which Dorsey relied. Not automatically permissible unrelated character attacks against Kading; alleged misconduct used merely to impeach a person who had not testified. The judge repeatedly said completeness of the file was an appropriate subject for cross-examination. Cross Continues Dorsey and LVMPD/Mogg Emails The discussion expanded to emails involving Dorsey and Detective Mogg. Judge Kierny said her initial in-camera review showed the emails largely concerned: scheduling; whether Mogg knew of particular interviews; communications surrounding Davis’s public statements. The judge said she had not initially viewed them as exculpatory. Defense argued the communications became relevant to its theory concerning who was actually investigating and what information Metro possessed. The court ordered the material disclosed to defense. Missing Material Defense established several important limits on Dorsey’s source material. 2009 Davis Interview DEFENSE: “Did you ever compare the 2008 recording to the 2009 recording in this case?” DORSEY: “I do not have the 2009 recording.” Kading had not given it to him. Earlier Federal Material Dorsey also had not compared the 2008 recording against the earlier federal interview material being used in this trial. Kading had not provided that material either. Other Agencies Dorsey did not recall possessing reports that allowed him to tell the jury exactly what every agency represented in the 2008 proffer later did to verify individual statements. Civil Litigation Defense asked Dorsey about: litigation involving Tupac’s estate and Death Row Records; Orlando Anderson’s civil case; whether Tupac intended to leave Death Row; whether Tupac had fired attorney David Kenner; whether Tupac sought an audit of Death Row’s finances. Dorsey repeatedly distinguished things he had heard from things he had verified. Regarding an alleged audit: DORSEY: “I’ve heard rumors of that. I’ve never seen any evidence of it.” Dorsey then began questioning the basis for defense counsel’s questions and suggested many came from conspiracy theories. Judge Kierny stopped him: “You can’t ask him questions. He asks you questions.” The judge instructed both sides to proceed through ordinary question-and-answer. Security/Frank Alexander Defense also questioned Dorsey about security around Knight and Shakur. Dorsey agreed: Reggie Wright Jr. operated the official security company; Frank Alexander was the one official security person accompanying Shakur at the relevant time. Dorsey did not know: the exact number of off-duty/retired officers working Club 662 that night; whether Alexander had a walkie-talkie or Nextel device. Foxy Brown Defense used Davis’s book to question Dorsey about Foxy Brown. Dorsey acknowledged: Davis places Foxy Brown/Inga Marchand around Zip in Las Vegas; Dorsey had not independently verified that Foxy Brown was actually in Las Vegas on September 7, 1996. Book Verification Defense then moved detail-by-detail through Compton Street Legend. Caesars Palace Davis’s book says he rented three rooms at Caesars Palace. Asked whether he verified Davis actually rented the rooms: DORSEY: “No.” Dorsey added that he did not believe the old hotel record could necessarily still be obtained. Versace Suit The book describes Davis purchasing an expensive blue Versace suit with white pinstripes. Asked whether he ever independently established that Davis owned that particular suit: DORSEY: “No.” Tyson Fight Seating Davis’s book says he sat near the front of the Tyson fight. Defense asked: whether Dorsey had proof Davis sat in that particular location. Dorsey: “No.” Photographs in the Book Defense showed photographs captioned as Davis with family/Orlando. Dorsey acknowledged that for several photographs he did not personally know: when they were taken; where they were taken; all identities shown. When defense suggested one photograph might depict clothing from fight night, Dorsey pushed back that the book did not claim the photo came from September 7 and said Orlando’s MGM clothing was different. Liquor Barn Defense asked Dorsey about Davis’s claim that the group stopped at a “Liquor Barn.” Dorsey said this was one detail he remembered researching and believed he located evidence of a liquor business in the relevant Flamingo area. Defense then tested how thorough that research actually was. Dorsey said he believed he had used: old newspaper articles; advertisements; evidence that a liquor business had operated at or near the location. Defense established that Dorsey did not check: Nevada Secretary of State business records; Clark County licensing records. “Can You Please Stop Badgering Me?” The Liquor Barn questioning produced the most openly contentious exchange of the day. Defense repeatedly told Dorsey to wait until counsel finished asking the question. Dorsey objected to counsel repeatedly characterizing him as “eager”: DORSEY: “Can you please stop saying that to me, man? Jeez, dude.” A short time later: DORSEY: “Can you please stop badgering me?” The State objected to the commentary. Judge Kierny intervened and told both sides to stop. The judge struck the commentary and summarized the roles: “You ask questions, you answer.” Other Book Claims Defense continued testing whether Dorsey verified additional details, including: people Davis said were traveling in a separate vehicle; Big Meech; Davis’s claimed drug business; various photographs; information about Compton searches. The repeated defense theme was that Dorsey’s testimony was largely based on documents and people he interviewed, rather than Dorsey possessing firsthand knowledge of the 1996 events. Compton Search Warrants / Firearm Defense asked whether searches of Davis-associated properties produced the .40-caliber firearm used in the shooting. Dorsey responded: DORSEY: “I actually don’t know that for a fact.” Asked whether the searches produced evidence showing Davis was physically in Las Vegas on September 7: Dorsey said he was not aware. He said those questions would be better addressed to law-enforcement witnesses responsible for the searches. Physical Evidence Defense eventually asked directly whether Dorsey himself had physical evidence establishing Davis was in Las Vegas on the night of the fight. DORSEY: “Physical evidence, no I don’t.” Davis’s Drug Organization Dorsey did say he had independently interviewed three former Compton Gang Unit detectives: Bobby Ladd Reggie Wright Sr. Ray Richardson Dorsey testified that all three described Davis as a high-level drug trafficker who had become sufficiently removed from street-level activity that officers generally encountered people working beneath him rather than Davis personally. Compton Police Department Defense questioned Dorsey about the eventual dissolution of the Compton Police Department. Dorsey said competing explanations existed: city officials claimed corruption within the department; former Compton officers claimed corruption in city government motivated the shutdown. Dorsey noted that many officers later continued working under the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. Compton Street Legend Disclaimer Defense directed Dorsey to disclaimer language in Davis’s book stating that although the authors/publishers attempted to ensure accuracy and completeness, they accepted no responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions or inconsistencies. Dorsey acknowledged the language. He characterized it as: “typical legalese disclaimer.” Dorsey also said he did not know exactly how much Davis was paid for his Death Row Chronicles participation. Redirect Examination The State’s redirect was comparatively short, but it directly addressed several of the themes raised on cross. Dorsey’s Authority to Release His Recording The State asked whether Dorsey eventually needed authorization before turning over his privately made 2017 recording. Dorsey said authorization was obtained from: an attorney for Paramount Pictures/BET; the head of the production company. He said those approvals were provided in writing. Liquor Barn The State returned to the Liquor Barn issue. It asked Dorsey about his research concerning a liquor business in the Flamingo/Maryland area and whether Lee’s Liquor had historically used the “Liquor Barn” name. Dorsey was careful: he was not certain whether that was exactly how he originally located the historical information. He did say a present-day liquor business in the same area had helped lead him into the research. Foxy Brown/Inga Marchand The State established: Foxy Brown’s legal name is Inga Marchand. Dorsey had not personally interviewed her. Dorsey did not know how many detectives had attempted to interview her regarding the Tupac case. He was aware of attempts to contact her in relation to the Christopher Wallace investigation. Davis’s Book/2008 Proffer The State directed Dorsey to the later chapters of Compton Street Legend. Dorsey confirmed the book discusses the task-force investigation and circumstances surrounding Davis speaking with investigators. Corroboration The State returned to defense’s repeated questions about what Dorsey had or had not verified. STATE: “Were many of the things he said in his proffer confirmed by the Biggie Smalls case file?” DORSEY: “Yes.” The State then gave a specific example involving Corey Edwards: Dorsey testified Edwards had given a statement in 2006; Dorsey identified Greg Kading and Tim Brennan as the investigators who took it. Source distinction: This is Dorsey’s testimony that he regarded portions of the file as corroborating Davis. It is not a finding that every material statement made by Davis was independently verified. “Sea Breeze”/Sebring The State concluded with the issue of the women’s vehicle. STATE: “Finally, going back to that 2008 statement, I just wanna make sure we’re clear that as far as you know, the first time the word Sea Breeze or Sebring, the girls in the car, the actual model of the car came from Mr. Davis.” Defense: “Objection, Your Honor. Leading.” Court: “It’s a yes or no. Overruled.” Dorsey: “Uh, in the 2008 proffer? Yes.” The State clarified and Dorsey again answered: “Yes.” Source / Knowledge Limitation Dorsey’s testimony was that as far as he knew, the specific “Sea Breeze”/Sebring model identification first came from Davis in the 2008 interview. Earlier testimony on Day 6 established that: Cathy Scott had publicly described the women’s vehicle as a Chrysler; Dorsey said he had not found a pre-2008 public source identifying it specifically as a Sebring; Dorsey also said he had not found the alleged chase/near-collision publicly described before Davis’s interview. Recross Examination Defense conducted a very brief recross concerning whether Dorsey had personally interviewed an additional potential source. Dorsey said he had not. No further questions.

Role: Greenidge was a longtime friend of Tupac Shakur and member of the Outlawz. He was riding in the Lexus directly behind Tupac and Suge Knight’s BMW when the shooting occurred and testified about what he saw before, during and immediately after the gunfire. Full Testimony: Malcolm Greenidge (E.D.I. Mean) Testimony | Tupac Shakur Murder Trial Direct Examination Greenidge described Tupac as a childhood friend, family member, big brother and mentor. Tupac helped him pursue his dream of becoming a rapper as part of the Outlawz. September 7, 1996 Greenidge traveled to Las Vegas in Kidada Jones’s Lexus. Tupac traveled with them. The group stayed at the Luxor. Greenidge did not attend the Tyson-Seldon fight. Tupac had said he would call when he was ready for them to go to the fight, but the call never came. Greenidge and others eventually left the Luxor on foot toward the MGM. He was not present for the MGM fight with Orlando Anderson. As they approached the MGM, Tupac and Suge Knight were already coming out, so Greenidge’s group turned around and returned to the Luxor. The Caravan/Shooting Later, Greenidge was riding in the Lexus directly behind Suge Knight’s BMW as the caravan headed out. At Flamingo and Koval: Tupac and Suge were talking to women in another vehicle. After that vehicle left, another car pulled alongside the BMW. Greenidge described it as a light-colored / white four-door Cadillac. The shots came from inside the Cadillac. Greenidge testified the shots came from the back seat. He saw an arm and the gun attached to it. From his vantage point, the arm appeared African American. He could not identify any faces inside the Cadillac; he saw silhouettes. After the shooting, Suge made a U-turn and Greenidge’s vehicle followed. When Greenidge later got out and approached the BMW, Tupac warned him: “Get on the ground. They’re gonna shoot you.” Greenidge turned around and saw a police officer pointing a shotgun at him. He got on the ground. He later gave police a statement. State’s Exhibit 150, a scene photograph, was shown to Greenidge. He identified himself and fellow Outlawz member Katari Cox in the photograph. Tupac’s Professional Plans The State also addressed rumors that Tupac was unhappy at Death Row. Greenidge said Tupac had talked about: Starting Makaveli Records Releasing the Outlawz album Having that project distributed by Death Row Doing business with Quincy Jones Cross-Examination Defense clarified that Tupac’s planned Quincy Jones work would have been independent of Death Row. Greenidge also clarified the suspect vehicle description by reviewing his original statement: “I’m not even gonna say white. I’m gonna say a light colored Cadillac.” He did not know how many vehicles from the original caravan remained together after the shooting. Jury Question “Were shots ever fired from your crew toward the attackers?” Greenidge: “Not that I know of.” Defense followed up by asking whether Greenidge knew of any vehicle in the caravan shooting toward the attacking vehicle. Greenidge again answered: “Not that I know of.”

Role: Scott documented portions of the July 17, 2023 search of Davis’s Henderson residence. He photographed the scene and impounded three pages located by detectives inside a Dodge Challenger in the garage. Full Testimony: Jury Asks “What Did You Expect to Find 30 Years Later?” | Keffe D 2023 Home Search Testimony Direct Examination Scott explained that a crime scene analyst responds to scenes to: Take photographs Make notes Recover and impound evidence Document that work in reports Scott responded to Davis’s Henderson residence on July 17, 2023 to document execution of the search warrant. He photographed the residence before detectives conducted the substantive search and later photographed selected items they located. Dodge Challenger / Three Pages A Dodge Challenger was parked in the garage. Detectives located three pieces of paper inside the vehicle and directed Scott to photograph and impound them. The pages were described in court as: A description or synopsis for an episodic series Two pages appearing to contain a budget / projected costs A total projected budget slightly under $1 million Scott did not testify that he personally found the papers. He said detectives conducting the search located them and then asked him to photograph and collect them. Cross-Examination Scott emphasized the limits of his role: He did not conduct the substantive detective search. He did not have his own list of items he was looking for. He photographed the residence and documented what detectives located. He did not photograph the entire residence a second time after the search. He took follow-up photographs of items detectives wanted documented. Some items were photographed and impounded; others were not. He did not recall photographing the contents of the bins later discussed by other witnesses. Jury Questions “What piece of evidence were you expecting to find in a location that was different from 30 years ago? Why would you expect it to be intact 30 years later?” Scott: “I wasn’t expecting to find anything.” He explained that his role was to document and photograph whatever the detectives conducting the search identified. Exhibits State 93–107 - Photographs from the July 2023 search State 138 / 138A - Evidence packaging and the three pages recovered from the Challenger State 155–159 - Dodge Challenger and document photographs

Role: Felabom relieved the earlier crime scene analyst during the July 17, 2023 search of Davis’s residence. She documented the later stages of the search and recovered the copy of Compton Street Legend and a November 1996 Vibe magazine. Full Testimony: Crime Scene Analyst Describes Keffe D's 2023 Home Search | Stevie Felabom Testimony in Tupac Trial Direct Examination Felabom arrived during the latter portion of the search and reviewed the photographs taken at the residence. Photographs shown through her testimony included: A Dom Pérignon container Compton Street Legend Murder Rap The Confused Mind of a Drug Dealer A November 1996 issue of Vibe Two bins containing personal effects A jacket containing South Side / Compton-related embroidery and lettering Felabom testified that detectives took the two garage bins. She personally recovered: Compton Street Legend The November 1996 Vibe magazine Felabom also confirmed that the recovered copy of Compton Street Legend had no photograph on the back cover and no photographs inside the book. Cross-Examination Defense established: Felabom arrived after the search was already underway. Rooms had already been searched and were in disarray when she photographed them. Officers do not necessarily return everything to its original position after a thorough search. She had photographs of the residence immediately before police left, but not with everything restored to the condition in which officers originally found it. Felabom did not personally rifle through the contents of the two bins. A third bin was visible in another photograph, but she did not believe she photographed its contents opened in the same way as the other two. Electronics were also present in the residence, although Felabom was not responsible for recovering all of them. No redirect. No jury questions. Exhibits State 93–107 - Residence photographs State 104–105 - Compton Street Legend photographs State 106–107 - Vibe magazine photographs State 139 / related subpart - Compton Street Legend evidence package / recovered book State 140 / 140A - Vibe magazine evidence package / recovered magazine State 148 - Felabom evidence package Defense F–UU - Residence photographs admitted by stipulation

Role: Gattus testified about the July 2023 search, evidence removed from bins recovered at Davis’s residence, later evidence review, current efforts to locate witnesses and Clifford Mogg’s role in the investigation before and after his retirement from LVMPD. Full Testimony: Detective Questioned on Mogg’s Reports & 2023 Keffe D Search | Tupac Trial - Justine Gatus Testimony Direct Examination Gattus had been with LVMPD for approximately 20 years and in homicide for more than eight. In 2023, she worked on a homicide squad supervised by Sgt. Igor DeCaro. Clifford Mogg was also assigned to the squad and was investigating the Tupac Shakur homicide. 2023 Search / Bins Gattus was present during the July 2023 Davis residence search. Two bins recovered from the residence were: Transported to LVMPD headquarters Searched there Certain contents removed The bins themselves later returned Gattus testified that Mogg impounded the items removed from the bins. Mogg retired from LVMPD in August 2023. After Davis was indicted, Gattus and Sgt. DeCaro were assigned to assist when Mogg, by then working as an investigator for the Clark County District Attorney’s Office, required a commissioned peace officer. April 23, 2026 Evidence Review Gattus testified that prosecutors, defense counsel, investigators, Mogg and LVMPD personnel later met at the evidence vault to inspect evidence impounded in the case. Gattus and DeCaro were present as commissioned officers. Gattus handled and resealed the evidence after review. Articles / Historical Material The jury was shown numerous articles and documents recovered among Davis’s belongings. The material concerned subjects including: Tupac’s shooting and death The MGM fight Suge Knight / Death Row Records Violence following Tupac’s death Orlando Anderson Biggie Smalls Gang and rap-related violence Litigation involving allegations against a Las Vegas investigator The collection also contained a May 27, 1997 Compton PD search warrant and property return. That return listed an item described as: “Money due bill for the Monte Carlo Casino.” The underlying document itself was not produced through Gattus. From the return alone, she could not provide its exact date. Gattus also testified that she did not know who assembled the articles or why they had been kept. Current Witness Efforts Gattus testified about interviews or investigative efforts involving: Yusuf Jah Regina Smith Corey Edwards Roger Williams James “Mob James” McDonald The court took judicial notice of California compelling orders involving: Travon Lane Roger Williams James McDonald Corey Edwards Malcolm Greenidge An additional Brooks witness whose first name is rendered inconsistently in the raw transcript Gattus testified that some individuals were not cooperating even after California proceedings and that investigators obtained authority to ping phones in attempts to locate witnesses. She also discussed efforts involving Denvonta Lee and Anthony Gomez. Gattus testified that California authorities recently attempted to execute an arrest warrant for Corey Edwards. Edwards was not located at his residence (and his 95 year-old mother wasn't there, either), and a second attempt at another Compton location was also unsuccessful. Cross-Examination Defense focused heavily on Clifford Mogg and the documentation of his investigation. Gattus acknowledged that from approximately 2018 through 2023, Mogg was primarily responsible for the case. Asked what she personally did in furtherance of the investigation during that period: “I personally did not do a extensive amount of anything.” She agreed Mogg was primarily investigating the case. Officer Reports Gattus testified that officer reports are important because they: Help an investigator later recall the work performed Document investigative steps Allow another detective to understand and continue the investigation She said the department generally wants reports completed before an officer leaves, although that does not always happen. Asked whether she had ever reviewed an officer report from Mogg concerning the Tupac investigation: No. Asked later whether she was aware of any reports Mogg had placed in the file: “I don’t. I’m not aware of them.” Gattus did not testify that no Mogg reports exist. She testified that she had not reviewed one and was not aware of them. Mogg After Retirement / Yusuf Jah Interview Gattus traveled to California with Mogg and others in 2026 to interview Yusuf Jah, identified in testimony as a co-author of Compton Street Legend. At that time: Gattus remained an LVMPD officer. Mogg was no longer an LVMPD detective. Mogg was working for the Clark County DA’s Office. Mogg primarily conducted the interview. Gattus did not prepare an officer report summarizing the interview. Witnesses Not Compelled Gattus was not aware of a compelling order for Suge Knight. She had not personally obtained one for Foxy Brown and testified that she did not know who Foxy Brown was. Asked about Big Meech, she likewise said she did not know who he was and that Mogg would have more knowledge concerning those subjects. 2023 Electronics Defense went through numerous electronic devices seized during the 2023 search, including: Multiple laptops Tablets / iPads External and USB drives An iPhone Gattus testified that she did not write the warrant used to examine the digital contents and had not personally reviewed them to determine whether they contained evidence concerning the writing of Compton Street Legend. She identified Mogg as the person better positioned to address what was done with that evidence. Redirect The State emphasized that LVMPD works closely with the Clark County DA’s Office and that prosecutors may become involved early in homicide investigations. Gattus testified that prosecutors were already involved in this investigation before the 2023 search. The State also addressed Mogg continuing with the case after his retirement. Gattus said Mogg had the most intelligence and knowledge about the investigation and, in her opinion, was the best fit to continue because of the years he had already invested in it. Recross Defense returned to Mogg’s reports. Gattus reiterated: She did not know whether Mogg had an officer report. She had never read one. Other homicide detectives existed who theoretically could have taken over the case. Mogg had several years of experience invested in the investigation. LVMPD did not have its current cold-case structure when Mogg originally inherited the case. Mogg’s post-retirement work was through the DA’s Office, not as an LVMPD retired cold-case detective. Gattus was not aware of reports Mogg had placed in the file. No jury questions. Exhibits Key evidence shown through Gattus included: State 132–137 and related subparts - Evidence packages, documents, scrapbook / article materials State 136 - May 27, 1997 Compton PD search warrant and property return State 137 + subparts - Scrapbook / historical article collection

Role: Hatten worked as a NIBIN technician in LVMPD’s firearms unit and reexamined the seven fired cartridge cases from the Tupac Shakur shooting. He testified about the 2003 and 2023 NIBIN searches and his comparison of the seven casings. Full Testimony: Firearms Expert: 7 Casings Came From Same Gun | Tupac Murder/Keffe D Trial Direct Examination Hatten explained NIBIN - the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network, which is overseen by the ATF. He described how a fired cartridge case can retain markings created during the firing process and how NIBIN captures and compares high-resolution images of those markings. 2003 Search Seven fired .40 S&W cartridge cases from the Tupac shooting investigation were entered into NIBIN in 2003. Hatten testified that the 2003 entry: Did not match cartridge cases from another crime Did not match another recovered firearm He clarified that he had no knowledge that the evidence had previously been entered into the predecessor Drugfire system in 1996. 2023 Search In 2023, Hatten was asked to reexamine and reenter the evidence. He testified that: Imaging technology had substantially improved since 2003. Millions of images were now contained in the NIBIN database. He personally entered the evidence. A nationwide search was conducted. The 2023 entry associated with the earlier 2003 entry from this same case, but there was no association with any other crime-scene evidence or firearm nationwide. Cross-Examination Hatten testified that he personally examined all seven cartridge cases side-by-side. “I looked all seven side by side, and I screened them and then grouped them into one grouping, which represents one firearm.” He deliberately did not review: Crime-scene photographs Diagrams Investigative case notes Hatten explained that the lab avoids investigative information that could bias the technical examination. Defense asked whether any of the seven cases looked different in a way suggesting another gun had been used. Hatten confirmed: All seven were from the same gun. No redirect. No jury questions.

Role: Ladd spent 12 years in Compton PD’s gang unit and later worked as a gang-homicide detective. He testified about South Side Compton Crips, Mob Piru, Davis’s alleged position as a shot caller, the violence following Tupac’s shooting, and Compton PD’s 1996 and 1997 investigative efforts. Full Testimony: Compton Gang Detective Bobby Ladd FULL Testimony | Keffe D Was a “Shot Caller” | Tupac Murder Trial Jury Questions Jury Questions for former Compton Police Gang Investigator Robert “Bobby” Ladd | Tupac Trial Direct Examination Ladd spent 32 years in law enforcement. He joined Compton PD in 1983, entered the gang unit in 1988 and became a gang-homicide detective in 1993. His longtime partner was Tim Brennan, known in Compton as “Blondie.” Their lieutenant was Reggie Wright Sr. Ladd testified that during his years working gangs in Compton he: Investigated hundreds of homicides Worked thousands of shootings Spoke with thousands of gang members Developed relationships and sources within Compton gangs He described Compton during that era as a ten-square-mile city with approximately 55 active gangs and exceptionally high levels of gang violence. South Side Compton Crips / Davis Ladd described South Side as one of Compton’s larger gangs, with more than 100 documented active members at the time. He described three broad stages of gang hierarchy: Baby Gangster / BG Gangster Older Gangster / OG / leadership Ladd testified that older members who had established themselves could become leaders or shot callers, and that younger members were expected to follow their orders. Asked where Davis stood within South Side in the mid-1990s: “As high as you can get.” Asked whether Davis was a shot caller: “Absolutely, yes.” Ladd testified that younger gang members were expected to follow directions from shot callers and could face serious consequences for refusing. Ladd also described Davis as a high-level narcotics trafficker. He testified that federal DEA/FBI personnel had approached Compton investigators for information concerning Davis and told them Davis was trafficking narcotics across the United States. Orlando Anderson / Terrence Brown / DeAndre Smith Ladd personally knew: Orlando “Baby Lane” Anderson Terrence “Bubble Up” Brown DeAndre “Big Dre” Smith Ladd described an earlier incident in which shots were fired toward him and Tim Brennan. Orlando and two others were arrested afterward, and Ladd said the participants described the incident as part of their gang initiation. Ladd specifically testified: Orlando was NOT the shooter during that incident. Ladd described Orlando as being in the younger, more active “gangster” stage. He testified that Orlando was Davis’s nephew. Ladd also described DeAndre Smith as a South Side member known as Big Dre, approximately 6'4" and 300 pounds. Mob Piru / Death Row Records Ladd testified about: Mob Piru Suge Knight James “Mob James” McDonald Travon Lane Roger “Neckbone” Williams Alton “Buntry” McDonald Reggie Wright Jr. Ladd testified that Suge Knight grew up in the Mob Piru neighborhood but was not himself a gang member, in Ladd’s opinion. He described: Mob James as an OG Travon Lane as a “gangster” Roger Williams as a “gangster” Buntry as a “gangster” Disrespect / Retaliation Ladd testified that reputation and respect were central to the gang culture he encountered. Asked what a gang member was expected to do when seriously disrespected: “They have to retaliate.” Ladd estimated that approximately 90% of the gang crimes he investigated were motivated by disrespect. Lakewood Mall Ladd had heard about the Lakewood Mall chain incident through street intelligence. He was: Not present Not the investigating officer Outside his jurisdiction because Lakewood was several miles outside Compton In Ladd’s opinion, attempting to take one of the prized Death Row medallions would constitute major disrespect and create an expectation of another confrontation when the groups encountered one another again. After Tupac and Suge Were Shot Ladd testified that Reggie Wright Sr. called him on September 7, 1996: “Suge Knight and Tupac were just shot. Tupac’s in critical condition, and get ready because it’s coming back to Compton.” Wright told Ladd they believed South Side Crips were responsible. Ladd said police expected retaliation. Two days later, South Side member and shot caller Darnell Brim was shot. A ten-year-old girl was also struck. Ladd testified that within approximately ten days there were: 3 murders 10 attempted-murder drive-by shootings in violence going back and forth between Mob Piru and South Side. Based on who Mob Piru retaliated against, Ladd testified: “There’s no doubt in my mind” that South Side Crips were responsible for shooting Tupac and Suge. That was Ladd’s investigative inference based on the retaliatory pattern. He did not witness the Las Vegas shooting. The State also returned later to the death of Bobby Finch, who was killed on September 11. Ladd testified: Finch was not a gang member. Corey Edwards was a South Side member. Finch and Edwards looked alike. Ladd was not asked to establish that Finch was killed because of mistaken identity. 1996 Compton Searches Ladd and Tim Brennan developed a multi-location search warrant after the violence began. Ladd said it had two purposes: Stop the ongoing violence in Compton Assist LVMPD with the Tupac/Suge shooting investigation Compton PD searched 38 residences on both sides of the conflict, including Mob Piru and South Side locations. Ladd explained that investigators hoped to: Take guns off the street Find narcotics or other grounds to arrest potential participants Gather people investigators had heard might be involved Give LVMPD detectives an opportunity to interview them Potentially recover the firearm used in Las Vegas LVMPD sent two detectives to Compton. The Tupac murder weapon was not recovered. Orlando Located / Davis Not Located Orlando Anderson was located during the operation. Compton PD made Orlando available for LVMPD detectives to interview. Ladd said he was not aware of useful information resulting from that questioning. Davis was not located during the 38-residence operation. Historical Property Records The jury saw historical search/property records involving Davis- and Anderson-associated locations. The records included: A hotel receipt whose underlying document is no longer available An Excalibur Casino letter addressed to Orlando Anderson An envelope and miscellaneous bills addressed to Orlando A later 1997 property return listing a “money due bill for the Monte Carlo Casino” Ladd could not identify the date or addressee of the “money due” document from the property return alone. Several of the underlying historical documents themselves could no longer be located. 1997 Searches / Biggie Smalls Investigation After Christopher Wallace / Biggie Smalls was murdered in Los Angeles, Ladd and Brennan assisted LAPD. Ladd testified that at that time: South Side’s Burris Street and Glen Cove factions were engaged in an internal violent conflict. LAPD was also investigating whether South Side members might have been involved in Biggie’s murder. The 1997 searches therefore again had multiple investigative purposes. Compton investigators remained alert for anything they believed could also be relevant to Tupac’s murder. Cross-Examination Defense questioned Ladd extensively about Once Upon a Time in Compton, the book he later produced with Tim Brennan and writer Lolita Files. Ladd testified that: He and Brennan told their stories to Files, who wrote the book. They intended the book to be accurate. Much of it came from their memories. Records such as search warrants were consulted when available. The book reproduced historical investigative material and was publicly available for purchase. Historical Evidence / Missing Items Defense showed Ladd a Tyson-Seldon ticket reproduced in his book. Ladd testified that the ticket had been recovered from Suge Knight’s residence during the 1996 searches. Defense contrasted that preserved ticket with other historical items that could no longer be located, including: The hotel receipt listed on another property return The Excalibur letter addressed to Orlando Other historical documents listed in search returns Greg Kading / Tim Brennan Defense asked Ladd about former LAPD Sgt. Greg Kading. Ladd testified: He had read some of Murder Rap. He personally had no interaction with Kading. Kading did not participate in an investigation with Ladd. Tim Brennan later worked with Kading on the task force investigating Biggie Smalls’s murder. The testimony did not establish whether Kading received, reviewed, overlooked or lacked any specific information developed by Ladd and Brennan. Tupac / Gang Membership Defense asked whether Ladd considered Tupac a gang member. Ladd: “No.” Ladd agreed Tupac: Associated with Death Row Was around Suge Knight Was around Mob Piru members But he testified that being around gang members did not itself make Tupac a member. Post-Shooting Retaliation Defense walked Ladd through several shootings that occurred after Tupac was shot. For multiple incidents, Ladd acknowledged that he did not know who actually committed the shooting. Defense asked: “Any proof at all that we can show this jury that Mr. Davis ordered any of the shootings to occur in this case?” Ladd: “No.” Lakewood Mall Verification Cross also tested the basis for Ladd’s Lakewood Mall testimony. Ladd acknowledged: He was not there. It occurred outside his jurisdiction. He knew of no police report documenting the incident. He did not believe mall security generated a report. He had not personally verified the incident with Foot Locker. His knowledge came from what he had heard on the street. Asked whether he personally had actual proof of the Lakewood Mall incident occurring: “No.” Evidence Davis Was in Las Vegas Defense asked what evidence Ladd personally had placing Davis in Las Vegas. Ladd pointed to: Davis’s own admission. Apart from Davis’s admission, Ladd agreed he did not have physical evidence of his own placing Davis in Las Vegas and had not personally verified that portion of Davis’s account. Redirect The State emphasized that admissions can be particularly important in gang cases where witnesses may be reluctant to cooperate. The prosecutor then presented a hypothetical based on Davis’s own statements concerning the Cadillac occupants: Duane Davis Terrence Brown DeAndre Smith Orlando Anderson Asked who would be the leader in that car: “Mr. Davis.” Asked who would be the shot caller: “Mr. Davis.” Asked who would have to authorize shots coming from the car: “Mr. Davis.” Ladd continued: “If Mr. Davis is in the Cadillac, he’s the one calling that shot.” Ladd testified that if Davis told the men not to shoot, there would not be a shooting; if Davis sanctioned it, there would be. Asked whether Orlando could fire while Davis was in the vehicle without Davis’s permission: “No.” This was Ladd’s gang-hierarchy opinion based on the assumed Cadillac occupants from Davis’s statements. Ladd was not present in Las Vegas and did not witness an order. The State also addressed evidence lost after Compton PD was absorbed by the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. Ladd testified that he did not know what happened to some of the old evidence after the transition. He also denied ever working on behalf of Mob Piru at Reggie Wright Sr.’s direction. Recross Defense returned to how Davis’s alleged gang affiliation was documented contemporaneously. Ladd testified that field interview cards could be used to record: Names Nicknames / monikers Gang-affiliation information Asked whether he had ever personally filled out a field interview card for Davis: “I don’t think I ever did, no.” Asked again whether he recalled ever filling out a card identifying Davis as a gang member: No. Ladd explained that Compton was small and he repeatedly encountered many of the same people, making it impractical to complete a field card every time. He testified that Davis personally self-identified to him as a South Side member. Further Redirect The State asked whether Davis hid his South Side affiliation. Ladd said no. He testified that: Davis was regularly in the company of other South Side members. Davis self-identified as South Side. Davis behaved in a way that led Ladd to believe he was proud of that affiliation. Jury Questions The jury submitted five questions. “Why is Tupac not seen as a Mob Piru while in company of other members, but Mr. Davis is?” Ladd said there was nothing documenting Tupac as a Piru. Tupac associated with Mob Piru and showed some allegiance, but Ladd said he did not live the gang lifestyle and was not active in the streets. “From what you have observed, regarding Reggie Wright Jr., would he have been considered affiliated or in connection with Mob Piru or any other gangs?” Ladd: “No.” He distinguished Wright’s role as head of security from the gang-affiliated entourage. “Is it fair to assume there wouldn’t need to be orders from Mr. Davis for members of the Crips to carry out retaliatory shootings, considering there was an active war between Mob Piru and the Southside following the shooting of Tupac? In other words, is the order implied even if the shot caller does not explicitly say, ‘Shoot’?” Ladd explained that if the shot caller is not present, gang members can act on their own without an order. If Davis were present, Ladd said the members would most likely do what Davis told them to do. “Did Orlando get permission to have that shootout at the car wash, seeing that he was a gangster, not an OG?” Ladd: “No.” He explained that Davis was not there and Orlando did not need Davis’s advance sanction to act while out in the street. “Did the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department ask Compton PD to help them with the murder investigations at the time that Compton searched homes on both sides, or was that something you took your own initiative?” Ladd: “We took the initiative to ask them to come down, and once they were down here they never asked us for help.” State Follow-Up to Jury Questions The State returned to the distinction between association with gang members and actual gang membership. Ladd testified that simply hanging around gang members does not make someone a member. He said a person had to “live that life” and “put in work.” He described examples including: Drive-by shootings Fighting rival gang members Carjackings Narcotics activity benefiting the gang Asked whether anything suggested Tupac or Reggie Wright Jr. were “putting in work” to become Mob Piru members: “Definitely not.” Asked whether Davis engaged in narcotics sales for the purpose of benefiting South Side Compton Crips: “Absolutely.” Defense had no additional questions. Exhibits State 60 - Photograph of Travon Lane State 136 - May 27, 1997 Compton search warrant / property return State 160 - Location exhibit concerning Davis- and Anderson-associated residences State 161 - 1996 multi-residence Compton search warrant State 162 - Historical property return containing hotel-receipt entry State 163 - Historical property return containing Excalibur / Orlando-addressed material Defense exhibit number for Tyson-Seldon ticket image: VERIFY - The raw transcript first identifies the exhibit as DD while it is being marked, then refers to it as BB when shown to Ladd. I would not lock the exhibit letter until we have a cleaner exhibit record.

Role: Stoehr is an electronic evidence specialist for the Clark County District Attorney’s Office. He collected and prepared YouTube videos, courtroom footage and jail-call excerpts requested by prosecutors for presentation to the jury. Full Testimony: State Rests After Playing Keffe D’s Jail Calls, YouTube Clips | Adam Stoehr Testimony in Tupac Trial Direct Examination Stoehr had worked as an electronic evidence specialist for the Clark County District Attorney’s Office for approximately three and a half years. He described his job as collecting evidence from various databases, downloading it into case files and preparing that evidence for discovery to defense counsel. YouTube Videos - State 165 Prosecutors asked Stoehr to obtain YouTube videos featuring Davis and then reduce the much longer interviews to a small number of brief clips for presentation at trial. Stoehr identified State 165 as a CD containing three YouTube video exhibits. The State emphasized that the excerpts shown to the jury were only small portions of much longer interviews. Zip / Compton Street Legend In one excerpt, an interviewer asked Davis about the account in Compton Street Legend that Eric “Zip” Martin allegedly supplied a gun. Davis responded: “I don’t want to talk about that.” He repeatedly directed the interviewer to let people read the book. Davis then displayed Compton Street Legend and encouraged viewers to buy it, saying they could get: “the real truth about this whole situation.” The interviewer, not Davis, then read a passage from the book describing Davis approaching Zip’s Mercedes while waiting for valet service. The passage described: Foxy Brown being inside Zip’s vehicle Zip asking her to step out A hidden compartment in the vehicle Zip producing a .40 Glock Zip allegedly saying, “It’s time to get the money.” After the passage was read, Davis again told viewers to buy the book and read that portion themselves. Orlando Anderson / MGM Another excerpt showed Davis discussing the MGM assault on Orlando Anderson. Davis repeatedly emphasized that Orlando had not attacked Tupac first: “My nephew never jumped on no fucking Tupac.” Davis said Tupac and the others had attacked Orlando while Orlando was alone and repeatedly characterized Tupac’s conduct as wrong. He described Orlando as a “kid” and said Orlando never threw a punch during the confrontation. Courtroom Video - State 166 Stoehr testified that he received two different video recordings of proceedings in Davis’s current case. One was a television-network view and the other was a separate camera angle. Using Adobe Premiere Pro, Stoehr: placed both recordings on the same timeline synchronized the footage displayed the two angles together State 166 was the CD containing the synchronized footage. The State played footage from a time when Reggie Wright Jr. was near the witness stand. The prosecutor asked Stoehr whether Davis appeared to be mouthing words toward Wright. Stoehr answered: “Yes.” The testimony did not establish what Davis was allegedly saying or mouthing. State 166 was admitted without objection. Jail Calls - State 164 Stoehr testified that he had access to calls made by Davis after September 2023. Prosecutors asked him to review the calls and prepare selected excerpts for presentation to the jury. State 164 was the CD containing those excerpts. The State played four calls in chronological order. October 12, 2023 Davis said: “They just trying to use the words I said against me.” He discussed his earlier statements and expressed regret about continuing to give interviews. Davis said he should have stopped doing interviews and simply refused to discuss what happened. The State then asked Stoehr about a partially garbled portion of the recording. Stoehr agreed that he heard Davis saying he did not break the prior agreement and that Greg Kading broke it. October 21, 2023 Davis again complained: “They trying to use my statements against me.” He then said: “I was paid to say that…” and: “You can’t use my shit against me.” When the person on the call asked about the book Davis wrote, Davis acknowledged: “Yeah, I did.” The prosecutor specifically acknowledged that Davis said he had been “paid to say” the statements being discussed. Davis also said: “They don’t know the motherfucking truth.” November 9, 2023 In another call, Davis discussed money and a future series. He said: “Once I get home, man, we rich.” Later in the conversation: “I got blood on my money.” Stoehr confirmed that was what he heard Davis say. The excerpt did not establish what Davis meant by “blood on my money.” July 5, 2024 The final call excerpt showed Davis angrily criticizing Tupac. Davis referenced someone: “jumping on little kids in the fucking hallway of the fucking casino.” The prosecutor asked Stoehr whether Davis was complaining about someone jumping a child in the casino hallway and calling that person a “piece of shit.” Stoehr agreed. Cross-Examination Defense: “No cross, Your Honor.” Jury Questions None. Exhibits State 164 - selected Davis jail-call excerpts from October 12, 2023; October 21, 2023; November 9, 2023; and July 5, 2024 State 165 - three brief YouTube video exhibits featuring Davis, compiled from longer interviews State 166 - synchronized courtroom footage from two camera angles

Role: Former LVMPD officer who was working an overtime uniformed police detail at Suge Knight’s Las Vegas residence on September 7, 1996. Hyt testified about the vehicle traffic he observed at the gated community, including a cream-colored Cadillac occupied by two Black males. Full Testimony: Defense Witness: Cream Cadillac Pulled Up at Suge Knight's | Keffe D/Tupac Trial Testimony Direct Examination Hyt was an LVMPD officer working an overtime special-event assignment on September 7, 1996. He explained that additional officers were working because of the Mike Tyson fight and the large number of visitors and parties associated with major fight nights in Las Vegas. His assignment at Knight’s residence was to keep the peace and prevent fights, shootings or other violence. Hyt was positioned at the gate with another officer. He recalled approximately 15 vehicles entering in an initial group. He specifically recalled a cream-colored Cadillac occupied by two Black males. Hyt later wrote an officer’s report and testified that the report documented the cream-colored Cadillac and its two Black male occupants. He said the initial group of vehicles later came back out through the gate. Mike Tyson arrived separately afterward, entered the community and later left. Hyt estimated that the shooting occurred after those events, although his exact timing was based on his recollection nearly 30 years later. Cross-Examination Hyt explained that LVMPD officers could volunteer for overtime special-event assignments and would then be assigned by the department to a particular location. He confirmed that Metro assigned him to the Knight residence. Hyt remained primarily at the guard gate. After the homicide, his lieutenant directed him to document what he had observed. His report also noted that Allied Security staffed the gate and maintained a log of vehicles entering and leaving the community. Redirect Hyt confirmed that he was wearing his LVMPD uniform during the assignment. He explained that his overtime assignments as a uniformed officer were performed in uniform. Jury Questions Jury Question 1 JURY: “Did you notice any damage or bullet holes on either of the, on any of the cars that came through the gates at Suge Knight’s residence, especially the white Cadillac?” HYT: “No, there was no damage on them.” Jury Question 2 JURY: “Were any of the crew members carrying guns?” HYT: “I didn't see any guns on any of the entourage people though because they were all in their cars. We all had guns.” Hyt was referring to the uniformed officers when he said “we all had guns.” Jury Question 3 JURY: “Did you see the cream colored Cadillac leave?” HYT: “Yes. They all left.” The court then asked when that occurred. HYT: “Um, close to 10:00 I would say. Okay. Maybe 9:30ish.” No attorney follow-up. Exhibits Defense Y: Aerial/map exhibit used to orient Hyt to the area. Defense A: Photograph/aerial image of the area surrounding Knight’s residence. Additional area exhibits were admitted by stipulation, but the raw transcript is garbled as to at least one exhibit letter.

Role: Former LVMPD officer who was the officer in charge of three other officers assigned to an overtime detail for an anticipated party at Suge Knight’s Las Vegas residence on September 7, 1996. Mangrum testified about the vehicle sequence he documented in his September 19, 1996 officer’s report. Full Testimony: Someone Drove a White Cadillac to Suge Knight’s House | Charlie Mangrum Testimony | Keffe D Trial Direct Examination Mangrum was assigned as the overtime officer in charge of three other LVMPD officers monitoring an anticipated party at Knight’s residence. He testified that neighborhood/HOA concerns about previous post-fight parties and uninvited guests were part of the reason officers were present. Mangrum was in uniform. He observed traffic entering and leaving the gated community. Mangrum recalled Suge Knight driving a blue BMW with Tupac Shakur in the passenger seat, followed by approximately five or six additional vehicles. Knight and Shakur remained at the residence for approximately 30 minutes. When they left, Mangrum recalled the procession being followed by a cream-colored Cadillac. He also recalled a compact vehicle occupied by four females and other vehicles documented in his report. Mike Tyson arrived later as a passenger in a Bentley, followed by another Bentley Mangrum believed was associated with Don King’s son. Officers told the later arrivals that Knight had indicated the party was no longer going to happen, and they left. Mangrum’s officer’s report was dated September 19, 1996. Cross-Examination Mangrum was not certain who initially directed him to write the report. The second page showed that the report was copied to Detective Brent Becker / Homicide. Mangrum agreed that the report would have provided the information to Homicide. The State used the report to walk through the sequence of officers and vehicles at the residence that evening. Materials attached to the report included Metro records identifying special-event assignments throughout the Las Vegas Valley. The State also showed Mangrum what appeared to be a gate log listing vehicle license plates. Mangrum said he had never previously seen the gate log itself. Mangrum confirmed that when the white Cadillac left through the gate, it was occupied by two Black males. Redirect Defense asked about the Cadillac’s color. Mangrum testified that it was white or cream. He confirmed that this was how he described it in his report. Jury Question Jury Question 1 JURY: “Could you say what model of Caddy?” MANGRUM: “I don't recall that.” No attorney follow-up. Exhibits Defense Y: Aerial view of the gated community / surrounding area. Defense AAA: Closer aerial view used to orient the witness. Defense ZZ: Stipulated map/aerial exhibit showing the area of Knight’s residence. Other stipulated map exhibits were also referenced, but portions of the exhibit lettering are garbled in the raw transcript.

Role: Former LVMPD Gang Crimes detective who was near Flamingo and Koval when Shakur was shot in 1996. Long later transferred to Homicide, was assigned follow-up work on the Shakur case in 2004, and participated in the September 9, 2009 interview of Duane Davis. Full Testimony: Detective Dan Long FULL Testimony | 2009 Keffe D Interview + Cold Case Investigation | Tupac Trial Direct Examination September 7, 1996 Long was working on an LVMPD gang-enforcement team approximately a block from Flamingo and Koval. His team had stopped several juveniles to determine whether they were gang members. While speaking with them, Long heard a volley of gunshots. The officers immediately moved toward Flamingo and Koval. Long described the area as extremely crowded, with heavy pedestrian and vehicle traffic following the Tyson fight. Officers encountered a vehicle occupied by women who had apparently been shot at. Detective Dean O’Kelley located cartridge cases in the roadway. Long and the other officers began blocking traffic and securing the scene. Long was not in charge of the Shakur shooting/homicide investigation in 1996. Assigned the Shakur Case Long transferred to Homicide in 2000 and remained there until retiring from LVMPD in 2017. In 2004, Sgt. Kevin Manning gave Long the Shakur file and assigned him to follow up new leads. Long reviewed the prior work of Detectives Brent Becker and Mike Franks. He traveled to Compton and worked with local gang investigators to familiarize himself with the people, locations and gang territory referenced in the file. Long testified that his lieutenant became concerned because other officers were accessing the high-profile Shakur file out of curiosity. The hard-copy file was ultimately locked down. Long testified that follow-up officer reports he wrote during this period could later no longer be located. He was told those reports were lost during a transition from one computer drive to another. Gun Leads Long described several leads he attempted to run down: An anonymous claim that the gun had been taken to a Rolling 60s-associated apartment and exchanged for drugs. Long was unable to locate the alleged apartment. A tip that the gun had been discarded along the freeway back to California. Long searched the roadside years later and found nothing. A firearm recovered in Compton in 1998 that Los Angeles-area authorities believed might be Shakur’s murder weapon. Long personally transported that gun to Las Vegas for ballistic testing. The firearm was quickly excluded. Long testified that thousands of firearms had been tested over the years without a match to the cartridge cases from Shakur’s shooting. September 9, 2009 Davis Interview Long traveled to Los Angeles with his lieutenant after being told someone wanted to provide information about Shakur’s murder. Long met Detective Daryn Dupree. Duane Davis was present with attorney Wayne Higgins. Long and Dupree conducted the interview. Long made his own audio recording. Long described Davis as becoming uncomfortable with some of his questions and asking Long to leave the room temporarily. Long testified that he did not recall a time when both he and Dupree left Davis alone with his attorney; when Long stepped out, Dupree remained. Long later attempted to corroborate information Davis provided. He sought records from Sunrise Hospital concerning Orlando Anderson’s alleged arm injury but found no record under Anderson’s name. He attempted to locate records for a white four-door Cadillac allegedly rented around the time of the shooting but found nothing tying such a rental to the relevant dates. Cross-Examination Long agreed that before interviewing Davis in 2009, he had already learned from Becker, Franks and the existing homicide file who investigators believed had occupied the Cadillac. Long agreed that the people Davis identified in 2009 were the same people investigators already suspected. Long described attempting to contact DeAndre “Big Dre” Smith in Compton in 2004. Smith refused to speak with him. Long understood that Davis was cooperating with authorities in an effort to reduce his exposure on a major federal narcotics case. Long testified that he viewed Davis as a suspect in the Shakur homicide. By the end of the 2009 interview, Long intended to return to Las Vegas, prepare an arrest warrant, consult the district attorney and seek Davis’s arrest for murder. After the recording and transcript were reviewed, Long said the Clark County District Attorney’s Office told him to stand down while circumstances surrounding Davis’s prior cooperation/proffer were examined. Long described attempts to obtain additional information about those circumstances. Long also asked Dupree to contact him if Terrence “Bubble Up” Brown was later arrested so Long could attempt an interview. That interview never occurred before Long retired in 2017. Redirect Long reiterated that after the 2009 interview he believed there was probable cause to arrest Davis for murder, but the DA’s Office told him to stand down while it reviewed the matter. Defense asked whether Long had been able to independently verify information Davis provided in the 2009 recording. Long answered: “I wasn't able to.” Long explained that corroborating a confession would involve checking details such as: the vehicle, how the shooting occurred, the firearm, where those involved went afterward, and other facts that could independently connect a person to the crime. Long testified that he had not independently developed information placing Davis in Las Vegas on September 7, 1996. He also described the large number of false claims, confessions and tips received in the Shakur case and explained why investigators looked for nonpublic facts to test credibility. Recross The State clarified what Long meant when he said he could not corroborate information from Davis. Long agreed that he was referring to information Davis supplied that Long did not already know. Long testified that the existing homicide file already contained substantial investigative information concerning Davis, Terrence Brown, Orlando Anderson and DeAndre Smith being in the Cadillac. Long explained that Becker and Franks had done the earlier investigative work. Long did not attempt years later to recreate every step of their investigation; he relied in part on the information already contained in the file.

The defense asked the court to instruct jurors that they must make their own determination whether Davis’s confessions or admissions were voluntary and could disregard a statement they found involuntary. The State opposed giving any voluntariness instruction at all. State The State argued that there was no evidence of improper police coercion for a jury to evaluate. Prosecutors distinguished Davis’s 2008 proffer from an involuntary custodial interrogation: Davis entered the proffer through counsel as part of a negotiated cooperation agreement. The State argued the 2009 interview also contained no improper coercive conduct by Detective Dan Long. According to the State, pressure created by Davis’s own federal drug exposure or his desire to obtain a benefit did not establish constitutional involuntariness. The State warned that giving the jury a voluntariness question without evidence of police coercion could confuse the issues. The prosecutor argued: “There is zero evidence before this jury that they could factually make any sort of determination as to the voluntariness of the defendant’s statements.” And: “By its very definition, a proffer cannot be involuntary because it is a negotiated contract between two people.” Defense The defense argued that admissibility and the jury’s factual consideration of voluntariness were separate questions. The court had already ruled against the defense on its motion to suppress, but defense counsel emphasized that the issue had been preserved and argued that Nevada Supreme Court precedent required the jury to make its own determination. Defense pointed to evidence concerning: promises made during the 2008 proffer; alleged implicit assurances surrounding the 2009 interview; confidentiality; later disclosure of Davis’s statements; the circumstances under which Davis agreed to cooperate. Defense counsel told the court: “There were explicit promises made to the defendant in the 2008 proffer.” She also described “implicit promises” concerning the second interview and said the circumstances surrounding confidentiality would be part of the defense’s closing argument. Court Ruling Judge Carli initially noted many of the same concerns raised by the State, but ultimately decided the safer course under Nevada precedent was to submit voluntariness to the jury. “I think it’s safest to give some sort of voluntariness instruction to this jury.” The judge specifically referenced Carlson v. State and the 2008 statement in which Kading told Davis that what he said would never be heard or used. She said she still did not believe the defense’s framework had been correct when she ruled on admissibility, but: “I think giving it ultimately to the jury is maybe a way to hedge our bets.” The court ultimately used two voluntariness instructions proposed by the State, rather than all of the defense’s proposed versions. Those instructions include: definitions concerning confessions and admissions; factors jurors may consider in determining voluntariness; the State’s burden to prove voluntariness by a preponderance of the evidence. “I’m going to give voluntariness instructions over the State’s objection.” The judge chose the State’s wording because it came from the Nevada pattern instructions and encompassed the substance the defense sought without giving duplicative instructions. During the final numbering, the voluntariness instructions became Instructions 40 and 41.

The next major dispute concerned whether jurors should be told that Davis’s statements do not have to be independently corroborated in every detail once the State has independently established that a homicide occurred. The parties repeatedly referred to this as the corpus delicti issue, although the judge later described the final instruction as more accurately a corroboration instruction. Defense The defense objected to any corpus delicti instruction being given. Its position was that corpus delicti is a threshold issue of admissibility, not an instruction governing how jurors should weigh Davis’s statements after they have already been admitted. Defense counsel argued: Shakur’s death and the fact that his death resulted from a criminal act were never disputed at trial. The court had already admitted Davis’s statements. Telling the jury that those statements need not be corroborated could interfere with the jury’s duty to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. If the court gave an instruction anyway, the defense preferred language based on Doyle v. State rather than the State’s proposed language. “The defense objects to any corpus delicti issue instruction being given to this jury at all.” Defense described the proposed instruction as potentially “confusing and misleading” because the jury’s task was now to decide the weight of the evidence and guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State The State argued that defense counsel had told jurors in opening statement that Davis’s account had to be corroborated. According to the State, that improperly increased the prosecution’s burden. The State’s position was: For homicide corpus delicti, the State must independently establish death and that the death occurred through the criminal agency of another. Once that is established, Nevada law does not impose a third requirement that every part of the defendant’s confession linking him to the crime be independently corroborated. Jurors remain free to reject Davis’s statements or give them little weight, but independent corroboration is not itself an additional legal element. The State repeatedly relied on Sefton v. State and West v. State. Court Ruling The court agreed that the State’s proposed rule was a correct statement of Nevada law, but also agreed that the instruction needed to make clear that the jury remained responsible for deciding whether Davis’s statements were believable. The judge added the words “if believed.” Final language discussed by the court: “Where independent evidence establishes the victim’s death was caused by the criminal agency of another, a defendant’s own statements, if believed, admitting the crime need not be further corroborated by evidence connecting the defendant to that crime.” The defense maintained its objection. During the final walk-through, the judge said: “We called it corpus, but I disagree it’s really corpus. Call it the corroboration one.” It became Instruction 42.

The third major dispute was unusual: the defense did not want self-defense instructions; the State did. State The State argued that self-defense had been placed into evidence by Davis’s own recorded statements regardless of whether his attorneys planned to argue it. The prosecutor pointed particularly to the 2017 Mario Diaz interview, where Diaz asked whether Davis was saying the shooting was self-defense and Davis agreed. The State characterized Davis’s later version as essentially: Tupac pulled a gun and started shooting, so someone in the Cadillac shot back. The State argued that because some evidence of self-defense was before the jury, jurors needed the law governing: justified killing; reasonable fear; initial aggressor; mistaken belief; the State’s burden to disprove self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense Defense counsel was explicit: “We’re not asking for those instructions because we are not going to be arguing self-defense.” Defense argued the instructions could confuse the jury and noted the consequence for the prosecution: if self-defense is submitted to the jury, the State assumes the burden of disproving it beyond a reasonable doubt. The judge herself noted the oddity: “I don’t know why you’d want to take on a burden of disproving something that they’re not even raising.” The prosecutor answered that whether to assume that burden was the State’s decision. Court Ruling The court granted the State’s request and will instruct the jury on self-defense. Judge Carli summarized the three major rulings: “Voluntariness of statement... granted... over State objection.” “Corpus delicti... given over defense objection.” And on self-defense: “You’re asking to take this on and we’re not sure why, but you want it, so we’re going to give it to you.” The self-defense series became Instructions 20–27. Among them: killing in self-defense; bare fear is insufficient; honest but unreasonable belief; self-defense unavailable to an original aggressor; actual danger is not required if the belief was reasonable; mistaken belief; if evidence of self-defense is present, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in self-defense.